Brepols

This volume explores the architecture and configuration of Romanesque cathedrals in Europe, especially around the Mediterranean, paying special attention to liturgical ritual, furnishings, iconography, and urban context. From the tenth to the twelfth centuries, cultural and artistic interchange around the Mediterranean gave rise to the first truly European art period in Medieval Western Europe, commonly referred to as ‘Romanesque’. A crucial aspect of this integrative process was the mobility of artists, architects and patrons, as well as the capacity to adopt new formulas and integrate them into existing patterns. Some particularly creative centers exported successful models, while others became genuine melting pots. All this took shape over the substrate of Roman Antiquity, which remained in high esteem and was frequently reused.

In these studies, Romanesque cathedrals are employed as a lens with which to analyze the complexity and dynamics of the cultural landscape of southern and central Europe from the tenth to the twelfth centuries. The architecture of every cathedral is the result of a long and complicated process of morphogenesis, defined by spatial conditions and the availability of building materials. Their interior arrangements and imagery largely reflected ritual practice and the desire to express local identities. The various contributions to this volume discuss the architecture, interior, and urban setting of Romanesque cathedrals and analyze the factors which helped to shape them. In so doing, the focus is both on the influence of patrons and on more bottom-up factors, including community practices.

The scene is Rome in the fi fteenth century, Golden Rome, a magnet drawing pilgrims by its architectural attractions and the magnitude of its religious importance as the mother of faith. The Austin friar John Capgrave attended Rome for the Jubilee in 1450, including the Lenten stations, and his Solace of Pilgrimes, intended as a guide for subsequent pilgrims, was written up following the author’s own pilgrimage. In three parts it covers the ancient monuments, the seven principal churches and the Lenten stations, and other churches of note, especially those dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary. The work has been described as the most ambitious description of Rome in Middle English. The present edition offers a new Text based on a transcription of the author’s holograph manuscript. Parallel with the Text there is a modern English Translation. The illustrations, mostly from a period slightly later than the 1450 Jubilee, aim to give some visual clue as to what Capgrave saw. There is a full account of the multiple sources that he used, most of which is the product of new research. Following the Text there is a Commentary that aims to provide some background information about the buildings and monuments that Capgrave focuses on, and to explain and illuminate any diffi culties or points of interest in the Text. Capgrave is an omni-present guide leading us towards what he considered an appropriate interpretation of the classical past as a foundation for the Christian present, which built on it and surpassed it.

This volume delves into the rich histories of the Jagiellon and Vasa dynasties, shedding light on the profound interplay between jewellery and socio-political forces. Readers are invited into an era where jewellery bore multifaceted significance, from symbolising power and piety to facilitating economic engagements. The royal perception of value extended beyond traditional treasures, with a keen interest in animal-derived artefacts. These unconventional items, such as elk hooves or eagle stones, were highly esteemed, reflecting both luxury’s diverse nature and the era’s cultural and mystical beliefs. Rather than merely cataloguing these artefacts, this study animates them, intertwining narratives of monarchs, nobles, craftsmen, and the lands from which these treasures emerged. It delves into a world where a gem’s glint signifies might, gold hints at empires’ expanse, and a narwhal’s horn could determine kingdoms’ destinies. Jewellery has long held a central position in history, particularly among the elite. These pieces were not simply decorative; they conveyed prestige, societal position, and authority. They symbolised both worldly and spiritual prominence, enriched with a complex symbolism. Beyond showcasing wealth, jewellery played crucial roles in diplomacy and politics. What meanings did these unique gems carry for their initial owners? This book uncovers the tales, magnetism, and mystery surrounding these jewellery collections. It paints a picture where jewellery transcends mere ornamentation, serving as a powerful testament to influence, devotion, and grandeur.

L’imaginaire ne se réduit pas au chimérique, au non-être. Depuis l’Antiquité, artistes, poètes et philosophes pressentent qu’il procède du désir et appartient en premier lieu au registre de l’individuel: forces pulsionnelles, messages de soi à soi, le rêve et bientôt la création n’ont pas attendu le discours de la psychanalyse ou des diverses sciences de la culture pour forger leurs mondes autour de la réalité partagée. Les sociétés à leur tour se sont lancées par cette voie dans la quête de leur identité et ont assigné à leurs mythes le soin d’exprimer leur structure. Pour autant, le lecteur s’apercevra au fil des douze communications assemblées ci-après que les royautés évoquées ressortissent rarement du pur imaginaire et conservent jalousement un lien organique avec leur référent concret. Il conviendrait davantage de parler de la royauté comme objet d’imagination, en ce qu’elle représente le point de fixation suprême du désir.

At the conclusion of the fifteenth century and well into the first half of the sixteenth, Florence underwent radical political and social transformations. The republic, which had nurtured the cultural phenomenon of the Renaissance, was finally overthrown and the Medici returned triumphant as outright rulers of the once-free commune. Throughout this period, the administration of the Florentine territory continued to be one of the single most important issues faced by successive Florentine governments, and yet very little is known about the people they governed. This study explores the nature of these communities and the relationships they forged with the central authorities; it provides an overview of the extraordinary diversity of rural communes, and looks in detail at three areas of the Florentine territory. The communes of Gangalandi, Scarperia, and the communities located in the Pistoian mountains provide the vivid contexts in which the fluid natures of local religious, social, and political ties are examined. The character of each of these rural communities was unique, challenging not only the Florentine government’s mechanisms of control, but our own understanding of the ‘peasant’ as a social category. Hewlett demonstrates that these communes were not one-dimentional social organizations, but rather vibrant communities of individuals who pursued a vast range of different activities within a series of complex cultural networks. Rural Communities in Renaissance Tuscany also addresses the importance of religion to these communities; an exciting addition to a field that has been until now dominated by the study of urban religious practice.

This volume describes the outlines of the 'state of the art' in the field of rural history for countries such as England, the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany and Northern France. The contributing authors, all outstanding specialists in the field, present an overview of the most important publications regarding the areas covered. They also point to the most important research topics as well as indicating the most important lacunae in the field of rural history during the last decades. The original texts of this book formed the basis of the international research group CORN, which studies the economic development of the Northern European countryside in a comparative way. The regional monographs are preceded by a short methodological introduction concerning the comparative methods used by this network as well as the possible pitfalls and problems.

Le 9 octobre 1943, neuf membres de la résistance belge et néerlandaise étaient exécutés à Rhijnauwen (près d’Utrecht). Parmi eux, deux moines de l’abbaye du Val-Dieu. En suivant le parcours de ces deux ecclésiastiques, le livre retrace de façon précise l’histoire des groupes d’espionnage et des lignes d’évasion. Ces lignes de secours étaient utilisées par des prisonniers de guerre évadés, par des pilotes alliés abattus, par des personnes d’origine juive et des ressortissants néerlandais en fuite vers l’Angleterre. La ligne d’évasion partait d’Allemagne et des Pays-Bas pour rejoindre Eijsden, puis Mouland et Visé. Une fois arrivés au pays de Herve ou de Liège, les réfugiés étaient conduits à Givet ou à Bruxelles, où d’autres groupes de résistance les prenaient en charge. En 1942 le contre-espionnage allemand infiltre les groupes au départ de Groningue et de Liège : l’Hannibalspiel. L’issue sera dramatique.

En cherchant à comprendre pourquoi, dans la région de Liège, ces deux moines se décident à entrer en résistance, l’enquête met en lumière le rôle joué par l’Église et par l’abbaye du Val-Dieu, mais aussi par leurs familles.

Résistance sans frontières est la première recension ayant trait à la résistance de chaque côté de la frontière belgo-néerlandaise pendant la deuxième guerre mondiale.

L’Ovide moralisé a joué un rôle significatif pour la connaissance des mythes antiques et la création de nouvelles œuvres littéraires qui se les approprient au moins jusque dans la première moitié du xvi e siècle, avant qu’il ne soit moqué et condamné. Dès son écriture au xiv e siècle, cette traduction en langue française des Métamorphoses d’Ovide accompagnée d’interprétations chrétiennes a rapidement connu le succès et une diffusion large auprès de publics divers qui la lisaient souvent, elle et ses gloses, plutôt que l’œuvre latine d’Ovide. De nombreux auteurs en français, en latin ou en anglais se sont inspirés de son texte pour créer leurs propres représentations littéraires de héros et héroïnes antiques, dans des œuvres poétiques, didactiques et historiographiques, ou pour élaborer leurs écritures de la moralisation. Les deux mises en prose de l’Ovide moralisé à la cour d’Anjou et à la cour de Bourgogne, les réécritures et remaniements qui sont ensuite imprimés, la traduction anglaise imprimée par William Caxton ont aussi contribué à prolonger l’influence qu’il a exercée. Cette dernière se lit aussi sans nul doute dans certaines des nouvelles traductions des Métamorphoses qui sont composées au xvi e siècle. Si cette influence a souvent été notée, si des emprunts de poètes du xiv e et du xv e siècles - Guillaume de Machaut, Jean Froissart, Eustache Deschamps, Christine de Pizan, Chaucer, Gower - ont été étudiés, la postérité de l’Ovide moralisé reste encore pour une large part à explorer. C’est l’objet de ce volume collectif, le premier qui soit consacré à la réception du texte du xive au xviie siècle.

The aftermath of the Investiture Controversy left the relationship between the Church and imperial power in ruins. In reaction to these developments, the Concordat of Worms in 1122 sought a compromise to restore the association between the two sides. The Concordat was only the beginning, and a spirit of cooperation between the Church and temporal powers began to emerge. This collaborative relationship is exemplified in the writings of Bernard of Clairvaux (1091-1153).

Bernard of Clairvaux was both a Cistercian abbot and a major political figure in the twelfth century. He inherited the Latin vocabulary of earlier Christian writers, but needed a more nuanced language to express the complex political relationship between church and state during the settlement of episcopal investiture. In his writings Bernard distinguished between the authority (auctoritas) of the Church and the power (potestas) of temporal rulers. The language of separation was designed to delineate spheres of influence rather than to reflect opposition - a vocabulary that ultimately presents the relationship between the two powers as less of a fencing match and more of a dance.

Sacred Authority and Temporal Power emphasises and enhances our understanding of the significance of Bernard’s writings for the mediation of power and authority in the twelfth century.

Early modern objects, images and artworks often served as nodes of discussion and contestation. If images were sometimes contested by external and often competing agencies (religious and secular authorities, image theoreticians, inquisitions, or single individuals), artists and objects were often just as likely to impose their own rules and standards through the continuation or contestation of established visual traditions, styles, iconographies, materialities, reproductions and reframings.

Centering on the capacity of the image as agent - either in actual legal processes or, more generally, in the creation of new visual standards - this volume provides a first exploration of image normativity by means of a series of case studies that focus in different ways on the intersections between the limits of the sacred image and the power of art between 1450 and 1650.

The fourteen contributors to this volume discuss the status of images and objects in trials; contested portraits, objects and iconographies; the limits to representations of ering; the tensions between theology and art; and the significance of copies and adaptations that establish as well as contest visual norms from Europe and beyond.

The body or relics of a saint could attract divine protection on the community and the place where they were kept. If, in some cases, the monasteries were structures of assistance to sanctuaries of certain notoriety, starting from the 7th century, they increasingly played the role of protagonists, autonomously managing the devotional activities derived from the acquisition or translation of relics. The need to preserve the isolation of the 'clausura' and to manage, at the same time, an increasing flow of pilgrims led these monasteries to build new spaces for prayer, communion and assistance.

This book includes the Proceedings of the International Conference held in Naples (Italy) on November 28-29, 2022. The Conference - organized, as part of a Marie-Curie research project, by the Fondazione San Bonaventura with the contribution of the Italian Ministry of Culture - brought together historians, archaeologists, and art historians to discuss the theme of spatial articulation of monasteries chosen as places of pilgrimage during the Early Middle Ages in Western Europe. From this interdisciplinary discussion, exciting insights have emerged on aspects of particular relevance, such as the organization of the funerary space and interaction between monks and laypeople, the elements of balance or clash between 'clausura' and hospitality and the comparison between male and female monasteries as devotional centers.

In tribute to the scholarly legacy of Edmondo F. Lupieri, in Sacred Texts & Sacred Figures an international group of esteemed biblical scholars offer essays on the ways religious traditions, texts, and even the legacies of notable figures were received, re-interpreted, and used by the authors of gospels, epistles, and apocalypses to address the ever-evolving circumstances of emerging Christianity. In the first and second centuries ce, oral and written traditions about the life of Jesus proliferated and formed the basis for written narratives. The authors of the gospels received and redacted those traditions to make distinctive theological claims about Jesus and to address their specific milieu and the wider movement of Jesus-followers. Among some groups of Jesus-followers the sacred texts of Judaism remained paramount. Authors like that of the Epistle to the Hebrews re-examined their inheritance of Jewish scriptures in order to demonstrate the continuity of their novel claims about Jesus with the sacred texts and traditions of Judaism. Similarly, the authors of first- and second-century apocalypses drew on the heritage of Jewish apocalypticism to write and record new revelations of and about Jesus. In addition to traditions and texts, authors in the first and second centuries re-examined the legacy of significant Jewish figures and followers of Jesus and wrote about them in the context of their own contemporary circumstances. Using innovative strategies and written in an engaging style, the essays assembled here explore the reception and reinterpretation of sacred traditions, texts, and figures in the writings of early Christianity.

Les auteurs de ce volume, historiens des religions, anthropologues et archéologues, étudient des rituels traditionnellement appelés « sacrifices humains », choisis dans leurs domaines respectifs de recherche - des tombeaux royaux d’Ur aux rites anthropoctoniques égyptiens, grecs, romains ou indiens, et des mises à mort rituelles des Gaulois et anciens Mochica aux crimes d’honneur des rapports onusiens. Leur questionnement tourne autour de problèmes méthodologiques fondamentaux pour l’histoire des religions : quand et pourquoi ces rites ont-ils été décrits comme des « sacrifices humains » ? Est-il possible, souhaitable, voire nécessaire d’interpréter autrement de telles mises à mort ? Au fil des diverses interventions, on se rendra compte combien ces « sacrifices barbares » hantent notre imaginaire scientifique, aujourd’hui comme par le passé. Il s’agit en fait d’un concept opératoire, hérité de l’Antiquité classique et consolidé par la culture judéo-chrétienne, qui sert indifféremment de grille de lecture pour expliquer les rites les plus variés.

Dans son histoire du monde, écrite vers 1030, Raoul Glaber dépeint l’église préromane de Saint Bénigne de Dijon comme “plus admirable que les basiliques de toute la Gaule” (totius Galliae basilicis mirabiliorem). Commencée autour de 1001 et consacrée en 1016 (l’église) et 1018 (la rotonde), cette abbatiale bénédictine, dont seule la crypte de la rotonde subsiste, relevait des traditions architecturales romaine, carolingienne et ottonienne. Elle fut construite à un moment-clé de l’histoire politique de la France et de la Bourgogne et peut être interprétée en fonction de l’idéologie de ses bâtisseurs, l’abbé Guillaume et l’évêque Brun de Langres. Il faut également la lire comme un cadre exceptionnellement bien conçu pour la dévotion monastique et la liturgie de Cluny telle qu’interprétée par Guillaume. Cet ouvrage se veut une interprétation visuelle, politique, liturgique et théologique de cette église étonnante de l’an mil.

Carolyn Marino Malone est professeur dans le département d’Histoire de l’art, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (USA). Elle est spécialiste d’architecture romane française et gothique anglaise. Son dernier livre s’intitule Façade as Spectacle: Ritual and Ideology at Wells Cathedral, Studies in Medieval and Reformation Traditions, vol. 102 (Leiden-Boston, 2004).

À l’origine de l’étude d’un monument qui reste emblématique de Marseille se présenta l’opportunité de programmes de restauration et de fouille. Un premier volume a répondu à la nécessité de rendre publics les résultats. La conjonction récente avec un moment historiographique paradoxalement sensible à l’histoire religieuse, en particulier à celle du monachisme, fut l’occasion de réunir des chercheurs, scrutateurs de sources diverses, afin de réaliser la confrontation si souvent invoquée de l’archéologie et de l’histoire. Ce fut l’objet du colloque réuni en novembre 2004 à Marseille, dans les locaux de l’ancien Alcazar transformé en bibliothèque. On se plaira à rappeler que ce fut la première grande manifestation scientifique qu’abrita le bâtiment qui venait d’être inauguré.

Pour paraphraser une formule restée célèbre dans l’esprit des médiévistes, existerait-t-il un Saint-Victor des archéologues et un Saint-Victor des historiens? C’est au lecteur de se forger sa propre idée. Sans doute l’écart existe-t-il, et, avant même d’aborder la phase interprétative des recherches, permet-il aussi de mesurer les lacunes de chacune des documentations disponibles. Au-delà du constat, les participants ont eu quand même conscience d’œuvrer pour une même histoire.

At the origin of the study of a monument which remains very emblematic of Marseille, there was a programme of restoration and excavations. The outcome of the work was made public in a first volume. The recent conjunction with a trend in historiography surprisingly aware of religious history, in particular the history of monachism, enabled us to bring together scholars dealing with various sources in order to achieve the often called on conjunction between archaeology and history. That was the point of the conference held in November 2004 in Marseille. The venue was the old Alcazar music hall theatre transformed into the municipal library. It is gratifying to think that this was the first scientific seminar to be held in the new library, which had just been opened.

Paraphrasing a famous expression among medievalists: are there two Saint-Victor, one for archaeologists one for historians. It is up to the reader to make up his own mind. There is undoubtedly a discrepancy which even before adressing the interpretative conclusions of the research underlines the shortcomings of the respective documentation avalaible. Given this realization, the scholars present intimately felt they were writing the same history.

Saints Edith and Æthelthryth: Princesses, Miracle Workers, and their Late Medieval Audience narrates the lives of two Anglo-Saxon princesses who were venerated as saints long after their deaths. St Edith, the daughter of King Edgar, was renowned as a patron of the arts and the church during her lifetime; her posthumous miracles included protection of Wilton Abbey and the English royal family. St Æthelthryth, who retained her virginity through not one but two royal marriages, also worked numerous miracles at her tomb at the Abbey of Ely. The poems, composed at Wilton Abbey in the early fifteenth century, allow us to see how late medieval religious women practised their devotion to early medieval women saints. The Middle English verse texts are presented here in the original and in translation with explanatory notes and glossary. A thorough introduction provides extensive contextualization and analysis of the two poems as well as description of the manuscript and its language and prosody. These primary source texts are important contributions to the study of English history, language, literature, religion, and women's studies.

This volume examines the cult of the saints and their associated literature in two peripheral regions of Christendom that were converted to Christianity around the turn of the first millennium, namely, Scandinavia and Eastern Europe. The thirteen authors focus on how cultures of sanctity were transmitted across the two regions and on the role that neighbouring Christian countries like England, Germany, and Byzantium played in that process. The authors also ask to what extent the division between Latin Christianity and Eastern Orthodoxy affected the early development of the cult of saints on the two peripheries. The first part of the book offers for the first time a comprehensive overview of the veneration of local and universal saints in Scandinavia and northern Rus’ from c. 1000 to c. 1200, with a particular emphasis on saints who were venerated in both regions. The second part presents examples of how some early hagiographic works produced on the northern and eastern peripheries borrowed, adapted, and transformed — i.e. contextualized — literary traditions from the Latin West and Byzantium.

During the seventh and early eighth centuries a number of influential saints’ cults were established within the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria, most notably the cult of St Cuthbert served by the monks of Lindisfarne. Reacting to the Danish incursions of the ninth century, the Lindisfarne community gradually migrated south to Durham, where, in the early eleventh century, the relics of further Northumbrian saints were collected to join those of Cuthbert. Following the re-foundation of the Durham church as a Benedictine house in 1083, the community sought to legitimise itself by stressing its links with an ancient, saintly past. A century later, the cults of new hermit saints such as Godric of Finchale and Bartholomew of Farne, extensively modelled on St Cuthbert’s example, were added to the north-eastern Durham familia.

This volume takes an interdisciplinary approach to these north-eastern saints, offering a comprehensive snapshot of new scholarship within the field. The first section focuses on the most eminent saints and hagiographers of Anglo-Saxon Northumbria: Cuthbert, Wilfrid and Bede. The second section examines their utility for the twelfth-century, Anglo-Norman community at Durham, and surveys the cults which emerged alongside, including the early saint-bishops of Hexham Augustinian priory. The third section reviews the material culture which developed around these saints in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries: their depiction in stained glass, their pilgrimages and processions, and the use of their banners in the Anglo-Scottish wars. A concluding essay re-evaluates the north-eastern cult of saints from post-Reformation perspectives.

Cambridge University Library, MS Additional 2604 contains a unique prose legendary almost entirely of female saints, all of whom are virgins, martyrs, or nuns. The manuscript, which also has varied post-medieval items, is written in one hand probably dating from c. 1480 to c. 1510. This previously unstudied Middle English collection features twenty-two universal and native saints, both common (like John the Baptist and Æthelthryth) and rare (such as Wihtburh and Domitilla). These texts are dependent on a complex mixture of Latin sources and analogues. Specific linguistic and art-historical features, as well as attention to the predominant female saints of Ely and post-medieval provenance, suggest an East Anglian convent for the original readership. Through an exploration of the manuscript and its later ownership (both recusant and antiquarian), a discussion of its linguistic attributes, a consideration of local female monastic and book history, a comparison of hagiographical texts, and a wide-ranging source and analogue study, this Study fully contextualises these Middle English lives. The book concludes with a survey of the structural and stylistic aspects of the texts, followed by three appendices, and an extensive bibliography. The texts are edited for the first time in its companion volume, Saints’ Lives for Medieval English Nuns, II: An Edition of the ‘Lyves and Dethes’ in Cambridge University Library, MS Additional 2604.

À la fin des années 1280, Salimbene de Adam, enfant de Parme et franciscain de la province de Bologne, compose une Chronique, dernière et seule conservée de ses oeuvres. Le projet, plutôt banal, est métamorphosé par la volonté de transmettre toute l'expérience d'une vie. L'auditoire restreint, qui contient en germe une faible diffusion, autorise une liberté de ton et une pratique débridée des digressions, qui font de l'oeuvre un prodigieux réservoir de choses vues. Prédicateur, Salimbene a le sens du récit et du détail croqué sur le vif. Jadis marqué par le joachimisme, il traque les signes, consigne et commente les prophéties. Ce qu'il a vu d'espoirs et de déchirements dans l'ordre franciscain, où il a vécu un demi-siècle, de drames et d'ambitions dans la vie communale, dont il connait les ressorts et les protagonistes, de dévotions et de curiosités dans les villes et les campagnes qu'il a parcourues, il veut le transmettre. Hommes et miracles, sanctuaires et prêches, chants et bons mots, joutes oratoires et travaux publics, guerres et éclipses sont évoquées avec l'art du conteur et la science du clerc, nourri de grammaire et d'Écriture: histoires vraies, histoires vues, histoires édifiantes, insérées au fil des années et le plus souvent dans la trame de démonstrations savantes, donnent ainsi naissance à une oeuvre foisonnante et inclassable, qui tient du recueil d'autorités et du répertoire d'histoires exemplaires, du martyrologe et du traité théologico-moral, de la chronique urbaine et du recueil de mirabilia. Salimbene arrive à s'y perdre et les seuls fils que l'on suive de bout en bout sont l'apologie de l'ordre franciscain et les préceptes éthiques. Sa mauvaise foi éclate quand il veut noircir les adversaires et concurrents de l'Ordre, ses préjugés aristocratiques affleurent partout. Sententieux dans ses portraits et partial dans ses préférences, toujours curieux et passionné, il livre sans détour, mais non sans apprêt, un témoignage profondément humain.

Nella letteratura tedesca medievale la figura di Pietro assume un ruolo primario per tutto il medioevo fin dalle origini. Gli stretti rapporti che univano la Chiesa tedesca a Roma ed ai suoi pontefici, il riconoscimento del primato petrino e papale avevano portato a considerare il patrocinio di san Pietro superiore a quello di qualsiasi altro santo, all’affermazione ed espansione del culto dell’apostolo, alla sua celebrazione in una molteplicità di testi di vario genere. Questa monografia si propone di ricostruire l’immagine di Pietro attraverso l’analisi di testimonianze letterarie in volgare “tedesco”, composte nell’arco di tempo compreso tra i secoli IX-XIV. Nei testi della fase più antica, il tentativo di conciliare i due sistemi di valori, cristiano e germanico, indusse a connotare le prerogative con elementi che descrivono il rapporto fra Gesù e i discepoli secondo i termini della Gefolgschaft germanica. Nei testi del periodo medio si mettono in rilievo la funzione ecclesiale e la trasmissione del potere di legare e sciogliere da Pietro al papa, ai vescovi ed ai sacerdoti tutti. Permane la tendenza a giustificare i rinnegamenti di Pietro, 'necessari' er mostrare il legame inscindibile tra perdono e pentimento, per dare speranza all’uomo circa l’incommensurabilità della misericordia divina. Si affianca, inoltre, la figura del discepolo con quelle dell’apostolo, del taumaturgo e del martire. Il libro fornisce un contributo essenziale alla ricostruzione delle modalità con cui la complessa figura di san Pietro venne recepita in area tedesca, mettendo così in luce aspetti della sua personalità finora trascurati.

Anna Maria Valente Bacci, professore di Filologia germanica presso l’Università degli Studi della Tuscia (Viterbo), ha svolto la sua attività scientifica e didattica anche presso le Università di Roma La Sapienza e Roma Tre. Ha concentrato i suoi studi soprattutto sulla letteratura omiletica e leggendaria di area inglese e tedesca. Sullo stesso argomento ha scritto un contributo su La figura di san Pietro nelle prediche tedesche medievali, curando anche la pubblicazione degli Atti del Convegno su La figura di san Pietro nelle fonti del Medioevo (Textes et Études du Moyen Âge 17, Louvain-la-Neuve, 2001)

This book thrusts the reader into the intellectual turmoil of medieval Europe. In interrelated studies of largely unexplored material dating from the ninth through to the fourteenth centuries, the contributors explore changes in functions and forms of liturgical poetry and music, and of biblical interpretation.

Although the twelfth century constitutes the main focus, the phenomena dealt with here had roots in earlier times and remained in circulation in later centuries. The cultural heritage of the Carolingian intellectuals tied to the palace school of Charles the Bald is examined in a liturgical context. Forms and ideas from this period were reused and transformed in the twelfth century, as represented here by sequences, tropes, Abelard’s poetry, the Gloss to Lamentations, and ritual representations or ‘liturgical drama’. The two final chapters treat fourteenth-century uses and understandings of Boethius’s De institutione musica and the new genre of sequence commentaries, both dealing with later medieval views on music theory and liturgical poetry from an earlier period, thus connecting the end of the book to its beginning. The sections are interspersed with philosophical reflections on overriding themes of the contributions. The volume concludes with an anthology of poetic texts in Latin with English translations and musical transcriptions.

Kings, aristocrats, peasants, and the Church are among the shared features of most early medieval societies. However, these also varied dramatically in time and space. Can petty regional kings, for instance, be compared to those in charge of a whole empire? Scale is a crucial factor in modelling, explaining, and conceptualizing the past. Furthermore, many issues that historians and archaeologists treat independently can be theorized together as processes of scale decrease or increase: the appearance of complex societies, the rise and collapse of empires, changing world-systems, and globalization. While a subject of much discussion in fields such as ecology, geography, and sociology, scale is rarely theorized by archaeologists and historians. This book highlights the potential of the concepts of scale and scale change for comparing and explaining medieval socio-spatial processes. It integrates regional and temporal variations in the fragmentation of the Roman world and the emergence of medieval polities, which are often handled separately by late antique and early medieval specialists. The result of a three-year research project, the nine case studies in this volume offer fresh insights into early medieval rural society while combining their individual subjects to generate a wider explanatory framework.

Dans le langage commun, le scepticisme apparaît comme l’opposé de la religion. Cette opposition est le produit d’une histoire, d’une relation diachronique aussi tumultueuse que forte. La richesse de ce processus a été mise en évidence par les travaux, notamment de Popkin, portant sur la Renaissance et le « libertinage ». En revanche, la question a été beaucoup moins approfondie pour l’Antiquité et le Moyen Âge. Les contributions réunies dans ce volume, qui vont de la philosophie hellénistique à la philosophie médiévale, visent donc à repenser sans préjugé la totalité du problème, avec l’espoir d’aboutir à une représentation nouvelle du lien ou de l’absence de lien entre ces deux éléments fondamentaux de la pensée occidentale.

Anne-Isabelle Bouton-Touboulic est Professeur de langue et littérature latines à l’Université de Lille. Spécialiste de saint Augustin et de la réception des philosophies anciennes dans l’Antiquité tardive, elle est l’auteur notamment de L’ordre caché. La notion d’ordre chez saint Augustin, Paris, 2004.

Carlos Lévy est Professeur émérite de littérature et philosophie romaines à l’Université de Paris-Sorbonne (Paris IV). Ses recherches portent sur la philosophie hellénistique et romaine (particulièrement Cicéron), sur Philon d’Alexandrie et sur la présence de la philosophie antique dans la pensée contemporaine. Parmi ses principales publications : Cicero Academicus, Rome, 1992 ; Les scepticismes, Paris, 2008.

The xx th International Congress of History of Science (Liège, July 1997) was the first to be held after Joseph Needham (1900-1995) passed away. During the Congress the symposium entitled “Global history of science” was dedicated to this scholar usually recognised as the founder of the study of East Asian science. The symposium aimed at highlighting the significance of his research, which has influenced historians of science in their study of all civilisations. The papers presented there and included in this volume focus on various historiographical and methodological issues raised by Needham’s work and on questions which he has opened to investigation. These issues and questions are relevant not only to the history of East Asian science and technology, but also to the history of science at large, once one envisions it in a global perspective. This volume is rounded off by four further papers that are representative of current research in the history of East Asian science.

Les huit premiers versets de la Genèse forment un tout, par la densité même des images sur lesquelles sest exercée une exégèse scienti que, philosophicothéologique et spirituelle multiséculaire pour élaborer une métaphysique et une spiritualité de la création. Comment cette spéculation se dégage-t-elle des images bibliques construites par couples dopposés - ciel/terre, lumière/ténèbres, eaux den haut/eaux den bas ?

Les huit premiers versets de la Genèse parlent de la création : commencement du monde, principe divin du monde, a rmation dune toute-puissance en action. Mais du texte hébreu à ses versions grecques et latines, ce texte fondateur pose de nombreuses di cultés de vocabulaire et dinterprétation, di cultés auxquelles se sont confrontés les exégètes du monde antique et médiéval. ue ce soit dans la littérature exégétique, encyclopédique, poétique, voire dans les représentations gurées, larticulation de lexégèse nest pas univoque, mais dépend des langages adoptés, littéraires ou artistiques, tout autant que des objectifs poursuivis. On assiste à la mise en oeuvre d’une culture diversifiée, mais cette diversi cation recoupe souvent une non-diversi cation dans linterprétation qui est, au moins tendanciellement, dordre spirituel. Réciproquement, dans le déchi rement du monde, les di érents savoirs constituent autant de degrés qui mènent à Dieu.

Il est dautres questions, dordre plus spéci quement « littéraire » : comment les exégètes antiques ou médiévaux ont-ils abordé ce récit de la Création ? uelle(s) logique(s) du texte sacré ont-ils dégagée(s) au l du temps ? Comment problèmes et réponses évoluent-ils à travers les commentaires en hébreu, en grec ou en latin ? À l’étude du substrat scientifico-philosophique doit donc sajouter celle de la mise en forme du texte.

This volume illustrates the old and fruitful dialogue between historians of science and philosophers, as well as new collaborations with artists. It includes two symposia. The first one is on the history of scientific models, the seond is on science and music. It also contains papers on the philosophy of mathematics, physics, technology and politics, but also on Aristotle, Lucretius, Bacon, Le Bon, Spengler, Reichenbach, and Kuhn.

This is the first of a series of thematic volumes consisting of a selection of papers from the 20th International Congress of History of Science, which was held in Liège in 1997, and organised by the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science (IUHPS), an organisation linked to UNESCO through the International Council for Science (ICSU).

The present volume deals with the relationship between science, technology and politics in the 20th century, with a special emphasis on some areas of the world that recently underwent serious political change including the German Democratic Republic and other countries from the former "Eastern bloc" such as Hungary, Ukraine, the Baltic countries, Russia, and countries in Central Asia. Individual contributions from Japan, Algeria and Portugal have also been included, since they should help initiate a transnational reflection on the subject.

Scotland’s Royal Women and European Literary Culture, 1424–1587 seeks to fill a significant gap in the rich and ever-growing body of scholarly work on royal and aristocratic women’s literary culture in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. There has, to date, been no book-length study of the literary activities of the female members of any one family across time and little study of Scotland’s royal women in comparison to their European and English counterparts. This book adopts the missing diachronic perspective and examines the wives and daughters of Scotland’s Stewart dynasty and their many and various associations with contemporary Scottish, English, and European literary culture over a period of just over 150 years. It also adopts a timely cross-border and cross-period perspective by taking a trans-national approach to the study of literary history and examining a range of texts and individuals from across the traditional medieval/early modern divide. In exploring the inter-related lives and letters of the women who married into the Scottish royal family from England and Europe — and those daughters who married outwith Scotland into Europe’s royal families — the resultant study consistently looks beyond Scotland’s land and sea borders. In so doing, it moves Scottish literary culture from the periphery to the centre of Europe and demonstrates the constitutive role that Scotland’s royal women played in an essentially shared literary and artistic culture.

Scribes played complex, often overlooked roles in the production of hand-written texts across Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the Renaissance. Some scribes simply copied the exemplar; other scribes participated with authors and decorators in establishing the miseen- page and overall appearance of a text. Many decisions needed to be made regarding the selection of text script; the style of rubrication, display scripts, and initials; the placement and execution of potentially elaborate illuminated images. What was the role of the scribe in contributing to the decision-making process or in determining the final format and material appearance of a document, scroll or codex?

This volume explores many of the choices that a single scribe or groups of scribes would need to make when writing and presenting a text, whether in a monastic, cathedral or lay setting. The articles in the volume range from case studies of a single artifact to the analysis of multiple copies and versions of a particular text.

The authors include eminent specialists in the field of manuscript studies as well as midand early career scholars.

This volume contains the proceedings of the international symposium on Augustine’s correspondence held at the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń (Poland) on 25-26 June 2015, which was a part of a wider project dedicated to the study of Augustine’s correspondence. Another part of the project is a fully searchable on-line catalogue of issues present in the Letters (www.scrinium.umk.pl).

The papers presented in the book access the large corpus of Augustine’s epistles from various academic perspectives (theological, philosophical, historical, literary and rhetorical). First, the present study is thematically more wide-ranging than any of those that had been previously published on this subject; second, it is interdisciplinary in its focus and methodology; third, it provides new, substantial insights into selected problems of Augustine’s work; fourth, it approaches the Letters from two complementary, methodological perspectives: the first part of the book contains papers which study widely defined problem in the light of the whole corpus, while those in the second part deal with specific problems found in particular letters. The result is a significant contribution to our understanding of the complex and fascinating Augustinian world, seen through the lens of his letters, provided by authors whose academic experience and scholarly achievements guarantee its quality.

The Scythians have fascinated investigators since the time of Herodotus. This study examines the bronze and silver coinage of the kingdom of Scythia Minor in Dobruja at the mouth of the Danube River, a Scythian successor state that emerged in the second century bce after the breakup of Scythia Magna. It is based on a corpus of over 1,500 coins, more than ever before, and draws upon scholarship in nine languages, including hard-to-find sources from Bulgaria, Romania, USSR, Ukraine, and Russia. The much-debated chronology of the six kings of Scythia Minor (Kanites, Tanousas, Charaspes, Ailis, Sariakes, and Akrosas) is determined through literary evidence, inscriptions, die linkage, shared monograms, coin hoards, and counterstamps. Metrological analysis distinguishes four denominations, plus the alterations and debasements of the weight standard during the troubled reigns of Ailis and Sariakes. Fifteen counterstamps that appear on Scythian coins are attributed to the local Greek poleis of Callatis, Tomis, Istros, and Dionysopolis. An inventory of four hoards and 47 findspots of single coins identifies the mint site, Dionysopolis. The volume concludes with a catalog of 63 major coin types and 15 counterstamps, plus bibliography and index.

This interdisciplinary collection examines the notion of sedition in the period of the French Wars of Religion (1560-1600) and focuses not only on France itself, but also on Scotland during the reign of the French-born Mary Queen of Scots. Composed of eleven chapters written by an international team of experts, this volume concentrates on the political aspects of sedition rather than religious heresy, and covers writings and publications in a wide range of fields: politics, history, law, literature, and gender. A complementary feature of this collection is the spectrum of writings studied; they include edicts and treatises, pamphlets, broadsides, legal documents, dialogues, and satirical prose and poetry. Several chapters also address visual representations of sedition.

An Introduction and a Conclusion provide synthetic analyses of the material studied in the individual chapters. This is a collection which will appeal to readers with interests in the history of political ideas and thought, the comparative study of monarchical government, and concepts of tyranny and resistance, discord, rebellion, and revolt.

Limiting itself to the vital centuries when the late Roman West reshaped itself into a first “Europe”, the conference on which the volume is based explored the dominant understanding of human nature in that era: that human existence was both body (in the visible world of material things) and soul (in the invisible world of spirit). This was a legacy of pre-Christian elements handed down from Greek philosophy and the Hebrew Scriptures. Assimilating it to indigenous cultures in the Roman West, many alien to the ancient Mediterranean world, precipitated sea-changes in the conception of human psychology. Ensuing frictions sparked extraordinary expressions of creativity in words and visual images. It also created dangerously subversive disequilibria in the collective mentality within élites and between them and majority cultures. The papers in this volume investigate numerous configurations of a new culture taking shape in that volatile environment. They contribute to continuing debates about the cognitive co-ordination of words and pictorial images, and to cross-disciplinary dialogues in such disparate fields as art history, religious literature, mysticism, and cultural anthropology.

La variété des contributions réunies dans ce volume reflète la diversité des centres d’intérêt de Gérard Freyburger, auquel des spécialistes de différents domaines des sciences de l’Antiquité ont tenu à rendre hommage. Prolongeant l’héritage de Robert Schilling, il a longtemps dirigé l’Institut de Latin de l’Université de Strasbourg et co-dirigé avec Laurent Pernot le Centre d’Analyse des Rhétoriques Religieuses de l’Antiquité (CARRA). Convaincu de l’importance d’une approche pluridisciplinaire des sciences de l’Antiquité, il a porté des projets collectifs et dirigé de nombreuses thèses portant sur la religion romaine, la philologie latine et la réception de la culture païenne dans l’Antiquité tardive et à la Renaissance.

Les contributions de ce volume sont regroupées en cinq thématiques qui illustrent ses principaux domaines de recherche. Il est ainsi question de religion romaine et de magie, de rhétorique et de philosophie, du modèle virgilien et de sa postérité, des relations entre auteurs païens et chrétiens, de perspectives comparatistes et d’Antiquité rémanente. Le recueil témoigne de la fécondité d’approches croisées et fait dialoguer l’histoire des religions, la philologie grecque et latine, l’histoire et l’archéologie ainsi que les méthodes comparatistes pour rendre hommage à celui qui s’est engagé, durant toute sa carrière, pour promouvoir les recherches interdisciplinaires sur le monde romain antique.

In the early thirteenth century the diocese of Liège witnessed an extraordinary religious revival, known to us largely through the abundant corpus of saints' lives from that region. Cistercian monks, nuns, beguines, and recluses formed close-knit networks of spiritual friendship that easily crossed the boundaries of gender, religious status, and even language. Holy women such as Mary of Oignies and Christina the Astonishing were held up by their biographers as models of orthodoxy and miraculous powers. Less familiar but no less fascinating are the male saints of the region. In this volume Martinus Cawley, ocso, has translated a trilogy of Cistercian lives composed by the same hagiographer, Goswin, who was a monk and cantor at the celebrated abbey of Villers in Brabant. Although all three of these saints were connected with the same order, their versions of holiness represent a study in contrasts, from the compassionate nun Ida of Nivelles, remarkable for her eucharistic raptures, to the fiercely ascetic lay brother Arnulf, to the gentle monk Abundus, renowned for his deep liturgical and Marian piety. The title Send Me God derives from a revealing catch-phrase that devout men and women used to request prayers from their spiritual friends.

Die Predigten Balduins von Ford († 1190), englischer Zisterzienserabt und später Erzbischof von Canterbury, gehören zu den Meisterwerken monastischer Literatur des Mittelalters. Er behandelt in diesen 22 Ansprachen die Seligpreisungen der Heiligen Schrift, die Liebe, das Leben in Gemeinschaft, das Geheimnis der Eucharistie und Fragen des klösterlichen Lebens. Der Autor verbindet bei seinen Ausführungen folgerichtiges Denken, solide Kenntnis der Heiligen Schrift und der Theologie mit einer feinen Aufmerksamkeit für geistliche Erfahrungen im Alltag. So kann er über die Jahrhunderte hinweg den Leser unmittelbar ansprechen und zu einer Reflexion über sich und seine Beziehung zu Gott anregen. Die deutsche Übersetzung dieser Predigten ist die erste ihrer Art und erschließt somit neue Reichtümer der monastischen Theologie für die Menschen unserer Zeit.

M. Hildegard Brem, Doktor der Philosophie und Magister der Naturwissenschaften, Äbtissin der Zisterzienserinnenabtei Mariastern in Österreich, arbeitet seit Jahrzehnten an der Übersetzung lateinischer Texte der Zisterzienserliteratur. Sie wirkte auch maßgeblich bei der deutschen Gesamtherausgabe der Werke Bernhards von Clairvaux mit.

Der zugrundeliegende Text dieses Bandes erschien 1991 in der Reihe Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaeualis als Balduinus de Forda, Sermones (CCCM 99), herausgegeben von David N. Bell. Die Ziffern am Seitenrand verweisen auf die entsprechenden Seiten der Edition.

Le présent volume offre la traduction française des 108 sermons d’Hermann de Reun.

D’Hermann on sait seulement qu’il est l’auteur de ces sermons et qu’il devait être chargé de la bibliothèque du monastère ; on peut supposer qu’il en fut aussi l’abbé. Reun se situait aux confins de l’Empire, ce qui serait actuellement l’Est de l’Autriche, près de Graz. C’était un monastère cistercien de la lignée de Morimont, fondé en 1129.

Cette centaine de sermons est à dater du dernier quart du xiie siècle. En plusieurs séries, ils ponctuent les grandes fêtes liturgiques de l’année. Ce qui les caractérise, ce sont les très nombreux emprunts - des emprunts de détail ou de longs extraits - à d’autres prédicateurs : les Pères de l’Église d’abord (comme Augustin et Grégoire le Grand), et par ailleurs des auteurs du Moyen Âge (comme Bède, Paschase Radbert et saint Bernard) dont certains sont contemporains de l’auteur (comme Rupert de Deutz ou Radulfe de Cantorbery). Pourtant le tissu de ces textes est unifié et ne laisse guère deviner la diversité de ces sources : sur telle fête l’auteur peut aligner plusieurs sermons sans se répéter. D’une part il enseigne, en particulier sur le mystère de l’incarnation du Christ et de sa préparation en la Vierge Marie. Et d’autre part il exhorte, appliquant le mystère à la vie chrétienne, dans une prédication de la repentance surtout, du retour à Dieu, mais riche de thèmes divers.

En plus d’une importante source historique de la prédication au Moyen Âge, on trouvera ici des index et des sous-titres, de quoi nourrir une vie spirituelle aujourd’hui.

Ces sermons sont restés inédits pour la plupart jusqu’à l’édition critique donnée par E. Mikkers en 1986 dans le Corpus Christianorum. Conntinuatio Mediaeualis (CC CM 64). Des renvois aux pages correspondantes de l’édition sont fournis dans les marges de cette publication.

Le traducteur, Pierre-Yves Emery, est frère de la Communauté de Taizé ; depuis plus de quarante ans il traduit des textes cisterciens, à commencer par certaines oeuvres de Bernard de Clairvaux.

The corpus of sermons and saints’ lives from early medieval England, in English and Latin, is the largest and most varied of its kind from a contemporary European perspective. In recent years this extraordinary body of literature has attracted increasing attention, as witnessed by an efflorescence of new editions, translations, commentaries, essay collections, dissertations, and amply funded research projects such as the Electronic Corpus of Anonymous Old English Homilies (ECHOE) project based at the University of Göttingen.

The present collection of thirteen essays grew out of a 2022 conference sponsored by the ECHOE project on Old English anonymous homilies and saints’ lives and their sources and reflects the best of current scholarship on early medieval homiletic and hagiographic literature from England. This literature is central to an understanding of the spiritual imagination and social practices of non-élite audiences. Together, they introduce new discoveries, identify new sources, edit new texts, make new claims about authors, revisers, and textual relationships, revise previous arguments about aspects of literary history, and provide new interpretations of Old English and Latin sermons and saints’ lives. These studies show vividly how European learning influenced the liturgical practices and peripheral education of early medieval England.

Contributors include Helen Appleton, Aidan Conti, Claudia Di Sciacca, R. D. Fulk, Thomas N. Hall, Christopher A. Jones, Leslie Lockett, Rosalind Love, Hugh Magennis, Stephen Pelle, Jane Roberts, Winfried Rudolf, and Charles D. Wright.

This volume aims to define the changing nature of lordship in Viking and early medieval Scandinavia. Advances in settlement archaeology and cultural geography have revealed new aspects of social power in Viking Age and early medieval Scandinavia. The organization of settlement is increasingly well understood and gives evidence of strong social differentiation in rural settlement. Historical research, however, increasingly portrays these societies as characterized by elementary social networks at a personal level rather than at the level of formal institutions. Can these representations be reconciled? When did the possession of land, in the form of manors or large demesne farms, become an important source of power and authority? This question has generated intense debate internationally in recent years, but there is no comprehensive overview for Scandinavia. New sources and approaches allow us to question the traditional view that Scandinavian aristocrats developed from Viking raiders into Christian landlords. Seventeen thematic chapters by leading scholars survey and assess the state of research and provide a new baseline for interdisciplinary discussions. How were social ties structured? How did lordship and dependency materialize in modes of agriculture, settlement, landscape, and monuments? The book traces the power of tributary relations, forged through personal ties, gifts, duties, and feasting in great halls, and their gradual transformation into the feudal bonds of levies and land-rent.

In recent years numerous advances in archaeological and historical studies have enhanced our understanding of the form and function of settlements and strongholds in the landscapes of early medieval England. Until now, this groundbreaking work has not been matched in studies of early English literature, where no concerted effort has been made to investigate how these findings can inform our understanding of their representation in texts - and vice versa.

This study shows that literary works offer considerable insight into the ways their authors, readers, and other audiences thought and felt about the constructed places and spaces in which they lived their lives. Covering a broad range of evidence from the end of Roman rule to the Conquest, it is the first study of its kind to offer an interdisciplinary account of the relationship between the built environment as it appears in the material record, and in a range of textual productions.

Settlements and Strongholds interrogates correlations and disjunctions between the stories found in the soil and in written works of various kinds, focusing on vernacular texts and Latin works that informed their development. It argues for a deeper appreciation of the relationship between imaginative works and the material contexts in which they were created, revealing the parallel development of ideas and concepts that were fundamental in shaping early medieval England.

La loi islamique ou šaria, qui utilise le Coran et les traditions prophétiques, est loin de se confondre avec ces données primitives. Elle a peu a peu précisé son vocabulaire, sa méthode, ses procédés de raisonnement, pour donner lieu à une discipline autonome, le fiqh. Cette science de la loi, impuissante à trouver une expression unique, s’est codifiée dans plusieurs écoles concurrentes ou rites (madahib) qui finirent, comme on sait, par se réduire à quatre dans l’islam sunnite. Quant à l’histoire du fiqh, elle comporte bien des zones d’ombre. Fort obscure, en particulier, est la période immédiatement antérieure à la formation des écoles, qui commence avec le iiie siècle de l’hégire (ixe siècle de l’ère chrétienne). C’est qu’en effet les documents historiques restent vagues ou contradictoires sur les raisons qui incitèrent les éponymes des rites, les imams réputés fondateurs, à faire preuve d’originalité créatrice. D’autre part, il semble hasardeux de remonter, faute de sources directes ou irréprochables, jusqu’à l’enseignement laissé par ces personnages clés.

Sans conteste, le cas de Šafi'i (150-204/767-820), troisième en date des quatre imams, se présente plus favorablement à cet égard. De surcroît, il aurait joué un rôle de pionnier, selon la tradition, dans la théorisation du fiqh (usūl al-fiqh). Or, paradoxalement, une monographie d’ensemble n’avait pas été écrite à ce jour sur cette personnalité. La présente étude tente de combler cette lacune. Dans une première étape, elle s’emploie, sans esquiver les questions méthodologiques préalables qui conditionnent une telle recherche, à rassembler des matériaux sur le parcours intellectuel du grand légiste mecquois. La seconde partie, qui confronte la casuistique du maître avec ses principaux écrits théoriques, dont sa fameuse Risala, permet de mesurer l’apport réel de Šafi'i à la théorie légale. Elle aboutit à remettre en question un aspect de la reconstruction tentée naguère, en fonction de certains a priori méthodologiques, par Joseph Schacht dans ses Origins of the Mohammadan Jurisprudence.

Mohyddin Yahia, docteur de l’E.P.H.E., enseigne, entre autres, l’islamologie à la Dâr al-Hadîth de Rabat. Ses recherches portent sur l’histoire du šafi‘isme et la logique légale de l’islam. Il collabore, au sein du Ministère des Affaires religieuses du Maroc, à une édition critique du Muwatta’ et contribue régulièrement aux publications du Laboratoire d’étude des monothéismes (UMR 8584).