BOB2020MOME

The Crown and the Cross examines the heretofore-unstudied role of the French province of Burgundy in the ‘traditional’ era of the crusades, from 1095-c.1220. Covering the First, Second, Third, Fourth, and Albigensian Crusades in detail, it focuses primarily on the Capetian dukes, a cadet branch of the French royal family, but uncovers substantial lay participation and some crusading traditions among Burgundian noble families as well. The book additionally uses the crusading institution to explore the development of the medieval French monarchy, and makes accessible a corpus of scholarship and documents that until now have mostly existed in French or Latin. It concludes that while piety and religion did play a central role in the experience of many everyday Burgundian crusaders, the greater political ramifications of the crusading project functioned in subtle and long-lasting ways, and had consequences for the entire institution, not just Burgundy or France. Of interest to scholars of the crusades, French history, and the formation of medieval Europe, The Crown and the Cross nuances, challenges, and expands our understanding of the intellectual genealogy of the crusades and their real-world consequences, fills a critical gap in the historiography, and poses a set of important conclusions and questions for continued study.

Founded in 1132, Fountains Abbey became the wealthiest English Cistercian monastery - yet relatively little analysis has been made of its surviving records to investigate how its wealth was controlled and sustained. This book deals with this secular aspect of the religious community at Fountains, investigating in particular the way in which prosaic business records were compiled and redacted. It traces the transmission of data from original charters through successive versions of cartularies, and in the process establishes the existence of a previously unknown manuscript. It also reveals how abbots in the fifteenth century interacted with and adapted the records in their care.

In this process, two quite different aspects of monastic life are uncovered. First, it sheds new light on the history of Fountains Abbey through the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, amongst other things how it responded to the turmoil of the Black Death, and discloses for the first time the allegiance of one abbot to the Lancastrian cause during the Wars of the Roses. Second, it reveals the worldly skills shown by the community of Fountains that were successfully applied to exploit the monastery’s large landholdings across Yorkshire, mainly through wool and agricultural production, but also through fisheries, tanning, mining, and metalworking. The economic success of these activities enabled the abbey to become a prosperous institution which rivalled the wealth of the aristocracy.

Le tre descrizioni della Terrasanta crociata riunite in questo volume furono prodotte tra l’inizio del XII secolo - qualche anno dopo la presa europea della Palestina - e il 1170 circa - poco prima della riconquista musulmana di Gerusalemme. La prima, quella dell’inglese Saewulf, è un vero e proprio resoconto di pellegrinaggio dalla forte impronta personale, che con un linguaggio letterariamente spoglio ricorda le vicissitudini sperimentate dall’autore nel suo viaggio per mare e per terra, dalla Puglia a Gerusalemme e fin quasi a Constantinopoli. Quelle di Giovanni di Würzburg e di Teodorico sono invece due guide della città santa e di buona parte della Palestina, parzialmente sovrapponibili in quanto in gran parte derivate dal celebre trattatello di topografia sacra composto qualche decennio prima dal chierico nazareno Rorgo Fretello. Entrambi gli autori, e soprattutto il più raffinato Teodorico, si impegnano tuttavia in un processo di rielaborazione e amplificazione del loro modello, che viene ad arricchirsi di informazioni originali accumulate nel corso di una reale esperienza di pellegrinaggio, testimone dei rinnovati fasti architettonici e urbanistici del regno latino di Gerusalemme.

La versione latina originale dei testi qui tradotti è pubblicata nella collana Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaeualis con il titolo Peregrinationes tres. Saewulf, John of Würzburg, Theodericus (CC CM, 139), a cura di R.B.C. Huygens (1994). I rimandi alle pagine corrispondenti dell’edizione sono forniti a margine di questa traduzione.

This is the first monograph devoted to manuscripts illuminated by the mid-fifteenth-century artist known as the Wavrin Master, so-called after his chief patron, Jean de Wavrin, chronicler and councillor at the court of Philip the Good of Burgundy. Specializing in the production of pseudo-historical prose romances featuring the putative ancestors of actual Burgundian families, the artist was an attentive interpreter of these texts which were designed to commemorate the chivalric feats of past heroes and to foster their emulation by noble readers of the day. Integral to these heroes’ deeds is the notion of justice, their worth being measured by their ability to remedy criminal acts such as adultery, murder, rape, and usurpation. In a corpus of 10 paper manuscripts containing the texts of 15 romances and over 650 watercolour miniatures, the stylized, expressive images of the Wavrin Master bring out with particular clarity the lessons in justice which these works offered their contemporary audience, many of whom, from the Burgundian dukes downwards, would have been responsible for upholding the law in their territories. Chapters are devoted to issues such as the nature of just war and how it is linked to good rulership; what forms of legal redress the heroines of these tales are able to obtain with or without the help of a male champion; and what responses are available in law to a spouse betrayed by an adulterous partner. The book will be of interest to scholars of medieval art, literature, legal and cultural history, and gender studies.