Brepols Online Books Other Miscellanea Archive v2016 - bobar16miot

Pour taus les historiens des sciences, René Taton (né en 1915) est un des pères fondateurs de leur discipline. Si son nom demeure attaché à l' Histoire générale des sciences, il est l'auteur de bien d'autres travaux sur l'histoire des sciences exactes et des milieux scientifiques. Dans son séminaire, déjà légendaire, du Centre Alexandre Koyré, il a forme des générations de chercheurs, aujourd'hui actifs dans le monde entier. Pour son quatre-vingt-cinquième anniversaire, ses élèves et ses amis lui offrent un recueil de ses articles choisis par lui-même.

This volume gathers together the papers of the Symposium on Science, Technology and Industry in the Ottoman World which was organized within the XXth International Congress of History of Science held in Liège in July 1997. This symposium was the first to focus exclusively on the Ottoman World within the congresses convened by the International Union for the History and Philosophy of Science (IUHPS).

Scholarly interest in the scientific activities caried out in various geographical areas of the Ottoman Empire between the 14th and 20th century yielded a growing number of studies in recent years. The initial findings of these studies led scholars to question the view that Islamic science went into a decline after the 12th century, and to argue that Ottoman science constituted a new episode in Islamic science.

The present volume begins with a survey on the Ottomans' transition from the Islamic to the European scientific tradition. This survey is followed by research papers dealing with: the introduction of modern science and technology to Turkey in the 18th and 19th centuries as regards the military technical training, the first railway line in Asiatic Turkey and the teaching of modern botany; the introduction of modern medicine and Darwinism in Egypt; Bonaparte's expedition to Egypt from the viewpoint of history of science and technology; and the mathematical activities in the Maghreb in both pre-Ottoman and Ottoman periods.

This thematic volume consists of a selection of papers from the XXth International Congress of History of Science, which was held in Liège in 1997. Two separated symposia were concerned with the study of historical connections between such different scientific fields as chemistry, botany, pharmacy, medicine and their technical aspects. Natural products from plants and animals, and their artificial equivalents, which were especially studied and used for dyeing and for medicinal purposes, were discussed in both meetings. The various contributions of the present volume deal with many of these products in several countries (in Europe, Asia, Africa and America) from the medieval period to the XIXth century. The first part treats of some historical aspects of chemical and pharmaceutical questions related to selected dyestuffs. The second part deals with pharmaceutical products for medicinal and biological purposes. These studies should contribute to foster new interdisciplinary research in this field, which is bound to develop at the international level.

This volume presents a collection of selected papers worked out for the XXth International Congress of History of Science held in July 1997 in Liège The first part analyzes interrelations between the exact sciences, chemistry and physics on the one hand, and life sciences on the other hand. It is well known that in many fields of biological sciences, mainly in those working with experimental methods, chemical and physical knowledge was integrated but the historic development of that interrelation is not yet known and cannot be explained enough in all details until the present day. By searching for the events in the past, historians of science find out that introducing physical and chemical methods and knowledge into life sciences was not a simple but very complex historical process. The second part was constructed during the centenary of E.B. Wilson's pioneering book The Cell in Development and Inheritance (1896), with an eye on this tradition of biological research. Wilson attempted to integrate cytology, embryology, and the chromosome theory of inheritance into a common cellular framework. It was only in the late 1970s that the synthesis now called cell biology, developmental biology and developmental genetics came into existence. The work carried out in Zürich under E. Hadorn's supervision was brought to light. Concepts and paths of research were defined, for example: homeosis, physiological genetics, 'body plans' allometry, homologies of process, evolution as 'bricolage' and finally a critical essay on different perspectives on development.

Tout au long du xix e siècle et pendant une partie du xx e siècle, la houille a été la plus importante source d'énergie utilisée dans le monde, elle a joué un rôle de premier plan dans l'avènement de la société industrielle. Cette victoire du charbon a débuté en Europe, d'abord en Grande-Bretagne, puis sur le continent. Une telle mutation a été préparée par l'expérience accumulée depuis des siècles. Ce sont les aspects essentiels de cette histoire plus ancienne (extraction du combustible minéral, commerce, usages) que les auteurs du présent ouvrage ont choisi de présenter lors d'un symposium du xx e Congrès international d'Histoire des Sciences tenu à Liège en 1997. Le champ chronologique dans lequel s'inscrit cette réflexion débute avec les premières utilisations du charbon de terre à l'époque romaine et s'étend jusqu'au moment où les hommes ont utilisé de manière systématique le coke en métallurgie. Des périodes aux caractères bien définis scandent ce temps. De l'époque romaine à la fin du xii e siècle, toute trace d'utilisation de la houille disparaît en Europe. En 1195 à Liège, les Annales de Renier de Saint Jacques révèlent l'emploi médiéval de la houille mais rapidement les sources signalent une exploitation anglaise d'importance. Cependant, l'usage de la houille demeure longtemps limité et très inégal selon les régions. Ce n'est qu'au xvii e siècle en Angleterre, quelques décennies plus tard sur le continent, que la production s'accroît. Le grand essor houiller du xix e siècle s'inscrit donc dans un long processus qui débute bien avant l'ère industrielle.

The history of marriage in Western Europe, because of its peculiarities when viewed in a global setting, compels attention. This volume examines rural marriage patterns in the long run, relating these to changing economic conditions in the North Sea area, from c. 1400 to the present. More than thirty years after Hajnal's path-breaking publication it presents a state of the art as regards the study of the European Marriage Pattern in Ireland, Scotland, England, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany and Scandinavia. By examining different forms of rural economy such as peasant farming, capitalist farming, prot-industry and other systems of production with differing implications for marriage and family formation, demographic and economic mechanisms emerge more clearly. Turning from description to explanation, a complex of interacting factors which regulate the formation of new households is identified and new directions into the research of this phenomenon are promoted. This volume comprises 11 article-chapters and introduction and conclusion and is the result of international collaboration from members of the CORN network. It is a work of richness, subtlety and historical depth, which makes essential reading for those interested in the evolution of marriage patterns, in the distant past and in more recent times.

This volume includes papers presented during a symposium on the spreading of the scientific revolution outside Western European countries, which was held during the XXth International Congress of History of Science in Liège in 1997.

The contributions aim to answer some recent historiographical questions such as the modalities of the spreading of science in different countries, the reception of the new science by different cultures, the kind of changes this reception set in motion, the periodisation in adopting the new scientific knowledge, the structures set up for this adoption.

Three geographical areas are presented here: the European countries in the border of the "scientific center", Latin America countries and East Asian regions.

The volume constitutes the first attempt at making a synthesis at an international level on the important question of the spreading of the "new science" throughout the world.

Definitions of Inner Asia vary greatly. Inner Asia includes those lands that have linked the major agrarian civilisations of Eurasia, from China to India to the Mediterranean and Europe, since the late Neolithic period. In the 19th century, it became customary to refer to the trade routes between these regions as the 'Silk Roads'. But silk was just one of the goods exchanged through Inner Asia. religions, diseases, coins, cuisines, artistic fashions, political titles, all travelled the Silk Roads, as did Buddhism, Christianity, Manichaeism and Islam. Seen in this way, Inner Asia appears as the central knot in the vast tapestry of Eurasian history. To take Inner Asian history seriously is to see the underlying unity of Eurasian history. S.N.C. Lieu, From Iran to South China: The Eastward Passage of Manichaeism, L. Cansdale, Jews on the Silk Roads, C. Benjamin, An Introduction to Kushan Research, D. Christian, State Formation in the Inner Eurasian Steppes, S. Helms, Ancient Chorasmia: The Northern Edge of Central Asia from the 6th Century B.C. to the mid-4th Century A.D., H. Hendrischke, Chinese Concerns with Central Asia, C. Mackerras, Some observations on Xinjiang in the 1990s, W. Maley, The Dynamics of Regime Transition in Afghanistan, K. Nourzhanov, Traditional Kinship Structures in Contemporary Tajik Poilitics, S. Akbarzadeh, Reformism in the Bukharan Khanate, G. Lafitte, Re-orienting Mongolia, F. Patrikeef, Baron Ungern and the Eurasian Empire, R. Pitty, Russia and Eurasia in International Relations, A. Van Tongerloo, Turkestan: a Treasury of Civilisations, G. Watson, Central Asia as Hunting Ground: Sporting Images of Central Asia, T. Matthew Ciolek, 'Digital Caravanserais': Essential Online Resources for Inner Asian Studies.