Ohthere’s Northern Voyage: A Close Reading and Practical Interpretation

References

1. Primary Sources
   Bately, Janet, ed. 1980. The Old English Orosius, EETS SS 6, Oxford: Oxford University Press
2. Bately, Janet, ed. 2007b. ‘Text and Translation’, in Ohthere’s Voyages: A Late 9th-Century Account of Voyages along the Coasts of Norway and Denmark and its Cultural Context, ed. Janet Bately and Anton Englert, Maritime Culture of the North 1, Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum, 40–50
3. Bately, Janet, ed. and trans. 2009. ‘Wulfstan’s Voyage and his Description of Estland: The Text and Language of the Text’, in Wulfstan’s Voyage: The Baltic Sea Region in the Early Viking Age as Seen from Shipboard, ed. Anton Englert and Athena Trakadas, Maritime Culture of the North 2, Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum, 14–28
4. Bately, Janet, and Anton Englert, eds. 2007. Ohthere’s Voyages: A Late 9th-Century Account of Voyages along the Coasts of Norway and Denmark and its Cultural Context, Maritime Culture of the North 1, Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum
5. Bosworth, Joseph. 1855. A Description of Europe, and the Voyages of Ohthere and Wulfstan, Written in Anglo-Saxon, by King Alfred the Great, London: Longman
6. Cassidy, Frederick G., and Richard N. Ringler, eds. 1971. Bright’s Old English Grammar and Reader, 3rd edn, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston
7. Colgrave, Bertram, and R. A. B. Mynors, ed. and trans. 1969. Bede’s ‘Ecclesiastical History of the English People’, Oxford Medieval Texts, Oxford: Oxford University Press
8. Dictionary of Old English: A to I Online, ed. Angus Cameron, Ashley Crandell Amos, Antonette diPaolo Healey, and others, Toronto, 2018 <https://tapor.library.utoronto.ca/doe/˃ [accessed 20 August 2022]
9. Englert, Anton, and Athena Trakadas, eds. 2009. Wulfstan’s Voyage: The Baltic Sea Region in the Early Viking Age as Seen from Shipboard, Maritime Culture of the North 2, Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum
10. Godden, Malcolm R., ed. and trans. 2016. The Old English History of the World: An Anglo-Saxon Rewriting of Orosius, Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
11. Lund, Niels, ed. 1984. Two Voyagers at the Court of King Alfred: The Ventures of Ohthere and Wulfstan together with the Description of Northern Europe from the Old English Orosius, York: Sessions
12. Magnus, Olaus. 1555. Historia de gentibus septentrionalibus, Rome
13. Ross, Alan S. C. 1940. The ‘Terfinnas’ and ‘Beormas’ of Ohthere, Leeds School of English Language Texts and Monographs 7, Leeds: Wilson; repr. 1981 with add. note by the author and afterword by Michael Chestnut, London: Viking Society for Northern Research
14. Thorpe, B., ed. 1853. The Life of Alfred the Great: Translated from the German of Dr. R. Pauli; To Which Is Appended Alfred’s Anglo-Saxon Version of Orosius; With a Literal English Translation, and an Anglo-Saxon Alphabet and Glossary, London: Bell
15. Watkins, Ann E., trans. 1977. Aelfric’s Colloquy, Kent Archaeological Society, paper no. 016 <https://www.kentarchaeology.ac/authors/016.pdf> [accessed 15 September 2022]
16. Whitelock, Dorothy, ed. 1979. English Historical Documents, i: c. 500–1042, 2nd edn, London: Eyre Methuen
17. Secondary Sources
    Bately, Janet. 2007a. ‘Ohthere and Wulfstan in the Old English Orosius’, in Ohthere’s Voyages: A Late 9th-Century Account of Voyages along the Coasts of Norway and Denmark and its Cultural Context, ed. Janet Bately and Anton Englert, Maritime Culture of the North 1, Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum, 18–39
18. Bately, Janet. 2007c. ‘Translation Notes’, in Ohthere’s Voyages: A Late 9th-Century Account of Voyages along the Coasts of Norway and Denmark and its Cultural Context, ed. Janet Bately and Anton Englert, Maritime Culture of the North 1, Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum, 51–58
19. Baug, Irene, Dagfinn Skre, Tom Heldal, and Øystein J. Jansen. 2019. ‘The Beginning of the Viking Age in the West’, Journal of Maritime Archaeology 14, 43–80 < [published online 7 December 2018] [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
20. Bill, Jan. 2010. ‘Viking Age Ships and Seafaring in the West’, in Viking Trade and Settlement, ed. Iben Skibsted Klæsøe, Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press
21. Binns, A. L. 1961. ‘Ohtheriana VI: Ohthere’s Northern Voyage’, English and Germanic Studies 7, 43–52
    [Google Scholar]
22. Bischoff, Bernhard (trans. Daibhm O. Cróinín and David Ganz). 1990. Latin Paleography: Antiquity and the Middle Ages, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
23. Blackmore, Lyn. 2002. ‘The Origins and Growth of Lundenwic, a Mart of Many Nations’, in Central Places in the Migration and Merovingian Periods: Papers from the 52nd Sachsensymposium, Lund, August 2001, ed. Birgitta Hårdh and Lars Larsson, Lund: Almqvist & Wiksell, 273–301
24. Bosworth, Joseph, and T. Northcote Toller. 1898. An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon; repr. 1954
25. Brink, Stefan. 2007. ‘Geography, Toponymy and Political Organisation in Early Scandinavia’, in Ohthere’s Voyages: A Late 9th-Century Account of Voyages along the Coasts of Norway and Denmark and its Cultural Context, ed. Janet Bately and Anton Englert, Maritime Culture of the North 1, Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum, 66–73
26. Brooke, Christopher N. L., and Gillian Keir. 1975. London, 800–1216: The Shaping of a City, London: Secker & Warburg
27. Chestnut, Michael. 1981. ‘Afterword’, in Alan S. C. Ross, The ‘Terfinnas’ and ‘Beormas’ of Ohthere, London: Viking Society for Northern Research, 66–85
28. Christensen, Arne Emil. 2007. ‘Ohthere’s Vessel’, in Ohthere’s Voyages: A Late 9th-Century Account of Voyages along the Coasts of Norway and Denmark and its Cultural Context, ed. Janet Bately and Anton Englert, Maritime Culture of the North 1, Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum, 112–16
29. Cowie, Robert, and Lyn Blackmore. 2008. Early and Middle Saxon Rural Settlement in the London Region, MoLAS Monograph 41, London: Museum of London
30. Crumlin-Pedersen, Ole (trans. J. R. McCormack, ed. Sean McGrail). 1977. From Viking Ship to Victory [original title Fra Langskip til Fregat], London: National Maritime Museum
31. Crumlin-Pedersen, Ole. 1984. ‘Ships, Navigation and Routes in the Reports of Ohthere and Wulfstan’, in Two Voyagers at the Court of King Alfred: The Ventures of Ohthere and Wulfstan together with the Description of Northern Europe from the Old English Orosius, ed. Niels Lund, York: Sessions, 30–42
32. Crumlin-Pedersen, Ole. 2009. ‘Boats and Ships of the Baltic Sea in the 9th and 10th Centuries: The Archaeological and Iconographic Evidence’, in Wulfstan’s Voyage: The Baltic Sea Region in the Early Viking Age as Seen from Shipboard, ed. Anton Englert and Athena Trakadas, Maritime Culture of the North 2, Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum, 235–56
33. Dyson, Tony. 1978. ‘Two Saxon Land Grants for Queenhithe’, in Collectanea Londiniensia: Studies in London Archaeology and History Presented to Ralph Merrifield, ed. Joanna Bird, Hugh Chapman, and John Clark, Special Paper No. 2, London: London and Middlesex Archaeological Society, 200–15
34. Englert, Anton. 2007. ‘Ohthere’s Voyages Seen from a Nautical Angle’, in Ohthere’s Voyages: A Late 9th-Century Account of Voyages along the Coasts of Norway and Denmark and its Cultural Context, ed. Janet Bately and Anton Englert, Maritime Culture of the North 1, Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum, 117–29
35. Englert, Anton, and Waldemar Ossowski. 2009. ‘Sailing in Wulfstan’s Wake. The 2004 Trial Voyage Hedeby-Gdańsk with the Skuldelev 1 Reconstruction, Ottar’, in Wulfstan’s Voyage: The Baltic Sea Region in the Early Viking Age as Seen from Shipboard, ed. Anton Englert and Athena Trakadas, Maritime Culture of the North 2, Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum, 257–70
36. Falk, Hjalmar. 1912. ‘Altnordisches Seewesen’, Wörter und Sachen: Kulturhistorische Zeitschrift für Sprach- und Sachforschung 4, 1–122
37. Fell, Christine E. 1982–1985. ‘Unfriþ: An Approach to a Definition’, Saga-Book of the Viking Society 21, 85–99
    [Google Scholar]
38. Fell, Christine E. 1984. ‘Some Questions of Language’, in Two Voyagers at the Court of King Alfred: The Ventures of Ohthere and Wulfstan together with the Description of Northern Europe from the Old English Orosius, ed. Niels Lund, York: Sessions, 56–63
39. Foot, Peter G., and David M. Wilson. 1970. The Viking Achievement: The Society and Culture of Early Medieval Scandinavia, London: Sidgwick & Jackson; repr. with supplement 1980
40. Gjerde, Jan Magne. 2010. ‘Rock Art and Landscapes: Studies of Stone Age Rock Art from Northern Fennoscandia’ (unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Tromsø)
41. Gjerde, Jan Magne. 2013. ‘Stone Age Rock Art and Beluga Landscapes at River Vyg, North-Western Russia’, Fennoscandia Archaeologica 30, 37–54
    [Google Scholar]
42. Graham-Campbell, James. 1989. The Viking World, 2nd edn, London: Frances Lincoln
43. Greenhill, Basil. 1976. Archaeology of the Boat: A New Introductory Study, London: Black
44. Heide, Eldar. 2012. ‘The Early Viking Ship Types’, Sjøfartshistorisk Årbok 2012, 81–153
    [Google Scholar]
45. Holm, Olof. 2015. ‘Trading in Viking-Period Scandinavia – A Business Only for a Few? The Jämtland Case’, Viking and Medieval Scandinavia 11, 79–126
    [Google Scholar]
46. Indruszewski, George, and Jon Godal. 2009. ‘The Art of Sailing Like Wulfstan’, in Wulfstan’s Voyage: The Baltic Sea Region in the Early Viking Age as Seen from Shipboard, ed. Anton Englert and Athena Trakadas, Maritime Culture of the North 2, Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum, 275–92
47. Jagodziński, Marek. 2009. ‘The Settlement of Truso’, in Wulfstan’s Voyage: The Baltic Sea Region in the Early Viking Age as Seen from Shipboard, ed. Anton Englert and Athena Trakadas, Maritime Culture of the North 2, Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum, 182–97
48. Jagodziński, Marek. 2010. Truso: Między Weonodlandem a Witlandem / Truso: Between Weonodland and Witland (Elbląg: Muzeum Archeologiczno-Historyczne w Elblągu)
49. Jesch, Judith. 2009. ‘Who Was Wulfstan?’, in Wulfstan’s Voyage: The Baltic Sea Region in the Early Viking Age as Seen from Shipboard, ed. Anton Englert and Athena Trakadas, Maritime Culture of the North 2, Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum, 29–36
50. Kolpakov, E. M., A. I. Murashkin, and V. Ya. Shumkin. 2008. ‘The Rock Carvings of Kanozero’, Fennoscandia archaeologica 25, 86–96
    [Google Scholar]
51. Kolpakov, E. M., and V. Ya. Shumkin. 2012a. Rock Carvings of Kanozero, Sankt-Petersburg: Iskusstvo Rossii
52. Kolpakov, E. M., and V. Ya. Shumkin. 2012b. ‘Boats in the Rock Art of Kanozero and Northern Europe’, Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 40.1, 76–81
    [Google Scholar]
53. Konsa, Marga, Raili Allmäe, Liina Maldre, and Jüri Vassiljev. 2008. ‘Rescue Excavations of a Vendel Era Boat Grave in Salme, Saaremaa’, Archaeological Fieldwork in Estonia 2008, 53–64
    [Google Scholar]
54. Korhammer, Michael. 1985a. ‘Viking Seafaring and the Meaning of Ohthere’s ambyrne wind’, in Problems of Old English Lexicography: Studies in Memory of Angus Cameron, ed. Alfred Bammesberger, Eichstätter Beiträge 15, Regensburg: Pustet, 151–73
55. Korhammer, Michael. 1985b. ‘The Orientation System in the Old English Orosius: Shifted or Not?’, in Learning and Literature in Anglo-Saxon England: Studies Presented to Peter Clemoes on the Occasion of his Sixty-Fifth Birthday, ed. Michael Lapidge and Helmut Gneuss, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 251–69
56. Korhammer, Michael. 2017. ‘Ambyrne wind, amberlice and byre in the DOE Online’, Anglo-Saxon England 46, 97–114
    [Google Scholar]
57. Lebecq, Stéphane. 2007. ‘Communication and Exchange in Northwest Europe’, in Ohthere’s Voyages: A Late 9th-Century Account of Voyages along the Coasts of Norway and Denmark and its Cultural Context, ed. Janet Bately and Anton Englert, Maritime Culture of the North 1, Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum, 170–79
58. Likhachev, Vadim. 2018. ‘Kanozero Petroglyphs: History of Discovery and Investigation’, Adoranten 2018, 1–24
    [Google Scholar]
59. Makarov, Nikolaj A. 2007. ‘The Land of the Beormas’, in Ohthere’s Voyages: A Late 9th-Century Account of Voyages along the Coasts of Norway and Denmark and its Cultural Context, ed. Janet Bately and Anton Englert, Maritime Culture of the North 1, Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum, 140–49
60. McGrail, Seán. 2014. Early Ships and Seafaring: European Water Transport, Barnsley: Pen & Sword
61. Mitchell, Bruce. 1985. Old English Syntax, 2 vols, Oxford: Clarendon
62. Mitchell, Bruce, and Fred C. Robinson. 1986. A Guide to Old English: Revised with Prose and Verse Texts and Glossary, 4th edn, Oxford: Blackwell
63. Munch, Gerd Stamsø. 2007. ‘Borg in Lofoten. A Chieftain’s Farm in North Norway’, in Ohthere’s Voyages: A Late 9th-Century Account of Voyages along the Coasts of Norway and Denmark and its Cultural Context, ed. Janet Bately and Anton Englert, Maritime Culture of the North 1, Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum, 100–05
64. Müller-Boysen, Carsten. 2007. ‘Economic Policy, Prosperity and Professional Traders’, in Ohthere’s Voyages: A Late 9th-Century Account of Voyages along the Coasts of Norway and Denmark and its Cultural Context, ed. Janet Bately and Anton Englert, Maritime Culture of the North 1, Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum, 180–83
65. Naismith, Rory. 2013. ‘London and its Mint c. 880–1066: A Preliminary Survey’, British Numismatic Journal 83, 44–74
    [Google Scholar]
66. Naismith, Rory. 2019. Citadel of the Saxons: The Rise of Early London, London: Bloomsbury Academic
67. Price, T. Douglas, Jüri Peets, Raili Allmäe, Liina Maldre, and Ester Oras. 2016. ‘Isotopic Provenancing of the Salme Ship Burials in Pre-Viking Age Estonia’, Antiquity 90, 1022–37
    [Google Scholar]
68. Sailing Directions for Northern U.S.S.R., i: Mys Nemetskiy to Mys Kanin Nos. 1953. rev. edn by 1976. Washington, DC: US Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic/Topographic Center
69. Sawyer, P. H. 1968. Anglo-Saxon Charters: An Annotated List and Bibliography, Royal Historical Society Guides and Handbooks, London: Royal Historical Society
    [Google Scholar]
70. Sawyer, P. H. 1984. ‘Ohthere and Viking Age Trade’, in Two Voyagers at the Court of King Alfred: The Ventures of Ohthere and Wulfstan together with the Description of Northern Europe from the Old English Orosius, ed. Niels Lund, York: Sessions, 43–55
71. Shetelig, Haakon, and Hjalmar Falk. 1937. Scandinavian Archaeology, Oxford: Oxford University Press
72. Simek, Rudolf. 2009. ‘Wulfstan’s Account in the Context of Early Medieval Travel Literature’, in Wulfstan’s Voyage: The Baltic Sea Region in the Early Viking Age as Seen from Shipboard, ed. Anton Englert and Athena Trakadas, Maritime Culture of the North 2, Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum, 37–42
73. Sindbæk, Søren M. 2009. ‘Routes and Long-Distance Traffic – the Nodal Points of Wulfstan’s Voyage’, in Wulfstan’s Voyage: The Baltic Sea Region in the Early Viking Age as Seen from Shipboard, ed. Anton Englert and Athena Trakadas, Maritime Culture of the North 2, Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum, 72–78
74. Storli, Inger. 2007. ‘Ohthere and his World – a Contemporary Perspective’, in Ohthere’s Voyages: A Late 9th-Century Account of Voyages along the Coasts of Norway and Denmark and its Cultural Context, ed. Janet Bately and Anton Englert, Maritime Culture of the North 1, Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum, 76–99
75. Stylegar, Frans-Arne, and Oliver Grimm. 2005. ‘Boathouses in Northern Europe and the North Atlantic’, Nautical Archaeology 34.2, 253–68
    [Google Scholar]
76. Thier, Katrin. 2002. Altenglische Terminologie für Schiffe und Schiffsteile: Archäologie und Sprachgeschichte 500–1100, BAR International Series 1036, Oxford: Archaeopress
77. Toller, T. Northcote. 1921. An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary: Supplement, Oxford: Oxford University Press
78. Urbańczyk, Przemysław. 2009. ‘On the Reliability of Wulfstan’s Report’, in Wulfstan’s Voyage: The Baltic Sea Region in the Early Viking Age as Seen from Shipboard, ed. Anton Englert and Athena Trakadas, Maritime Culture of the North 2, Roskilde: The Viking Ship Museum, 43–47
79. Valtonen, Irmeli. 1988. ‘An Interpretation of the Description of Northernmost Europe in the Old English Orosius’ (unpublished pro gradu thesis, University of Oulu)
80. Valtonen, Irmeli. 2008. The North in the ‘Old English Orosius’: A Geographical Narrative in Context, Memoires de la Société Néophilologique de Helsinki 73, Helsinki: Société Néophilologique
81. Vasaru, Mervi Koskela. 2016. Bjarmaland, Acta Universitatis Ouluensis B 145, Oulu: University of Oulu
82. Vince, Alan G. 1990. Saxon London: An Archaeological Investigation, The Archaeology of London, London: Seaby
83. Whiting, Bartlett J. 1945. ‘Óhthere (Óttar) and Egils saga’, Philological Quarterly 24, 218–26
    [Google Scholar]
84. Ziegler, Victoria. 2019. ‘From wic to burh: A New Approach to the Question of the Development of Early Medieval London’, Archaeological Journal 176.2, 336–68
    [Google Scholar]