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Images of Saint Anne in the Ionian Islands (Fifteenth–Eighteenth Centuries)

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The article examines the preservation of the Byzantine iconographic tradition alongside the growing influence of Western style in images of Saint Anne on three Greek Ionian Islands after the establishment of Venetian rule: Corfu (1386), Zante (1482), and Kefalonia (1500). A new political, religious, and social context characterized the production of art on these three islands during their occupation by the Republic of Venice. After the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453, when icon painters sought refuge in Venetian-held Crete, and the later flight to the Ionian Islands (which were also Venetian possessions) after the sack of Crete in 1699, the Ionian Islands played a decisive role in the development of post-Byzantine art and later modern Greek painting.

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Images of Saint Anne in the Ionian Islands (Fifteenth–Eighteenth Centuries)
https://doi.org/10.1484/M.WOP-EB.5.142197
/content/books/10.1484/M.WOP-EB.5.142197
/content/books/10.1484/M.WOP-EB.5.142197

References

  1. Albani, T. 2017. ‘Turning the Invisible into the Visible. The Icons of Byzantine Iconostases’, in Tέμπλον: άγιες μορφές, αόρατες πύλες πίστης, 20ός και 21ος αιώνας [TEMPLON: Holy Figures, Invisible Gates of Gaith. 20th and 21st Century], ed. by C. Margarites (Athens: Aikaterini Laskarides Foundation), pp. 57–62.
  2. Alevizou, C. D. 2009. ‘On the Introduction of Western Perceptions in Orthodox Communal Churches of Heptanisa during the 18th Century’, in 8th International Panionian Conference, Kythera, 21–25 May 2006, iv (Kythera: Society of Kytherian Studies), pp. 44–58.
  3. —— 2021. Western Art in the Work of Panagiotes Doxaras (Athens: Society of Lefkadian Studies).
  4. Anogiates-Pelé, D., S. Lazari, and M. Mbotsis. 2019. ‘Eptanesa: Space and People’, in History Manual of the Ionian Islands, ed. by T. Pappas (Corfu: Ionian University), pp. 49–92.
  5. Charalambidis, A. 1978. Contribution to the Study of Ionian Painting during the 18th and 19th Centuries (Ioannina: Idryma Meleton Ioniou kai Adriatikou Horou).
  6. Chatzidakis, M. 1986. Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Art: Exhibition Catalogue (Athens: Ministry of Culture. Hellenic Organization of Cultural Resources Development).
  7. —— 1987. Greek Painters after the Fall (1450–1830), i (Athens: National Research Foundation).
  8. —— 1997. Greek Painters after the Fall (1450–1830), ii (Athens: National Research Foundation).
  9. Chatzidakis, N. 1983. Icons of the Cretan School 15th–16th: Catalogue Exhibition (Athens: Benaki Museum).
  10. Chondrogiannis, S. 2010. The Antivouniotissa Museum Corfu (Thessaloniki: Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Tourism).
  11. Deluga, W. 2014. ‘Between Candia and Venice. The Role of European Engravings in the Iconographic Transformations of Post-Byzantine Painting in Greece’, in Series Byzantina, xii (Warsaw: Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University), pp. 76–109.
  12. Drakopoulou, E. and S. Chondrogiannis. 2019. ‘The Arts in the Ionian Islands’, in History Manual of the Ionian Islands, ed. by T. Pappas (Corfu: Ionian University), pp. 351–84.
  13. Drandakis, A. 2002. Greek Icons: 14th–18th Century; The Rena Andreadis Collection (Milan: Skira).
  14. —— 2005. ‘Greek Religious Painting after the Fall of Constantinople: Tradition and Renewal’, in From Byzantium to Modern Greece: Hellenic Art in Adversity, 1453–1830; From the Collections of the Benaki Museum – Athens, ed. by A. Delivorrias (New York: Onassis Cultural Center), pp. 43–47.
  15. Ioannou, P. (ed.). 2015. Leonardo da Vinci, Leon Battista Alberti, Andrea Pozzo: On Painting; The First Translations of Art Treatises in Greek by Panayotis Doxaras (Herakleion: Crete University Press).
  16. Karakatsanis, A. 1980. Icons: The Georgios Tsakiroglou Collection (Athens: Melissa).
  17. Karayiannis, O. 2010. ‘Icon Painting during the Late Venetian Rule’, in Venetian-Held Greece: Approximating its History, ed. by C. Maltezou, D. Vlassi, and A. Tzavara (Venice: Greek Institute of Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Studies of Venice), pp. 535–55.
  18. Karkazis, M. 2005. ‘The Septinsular School of Painting: Reexamination’ (unpublished doctoral thesis, Ionian University).
  19. Konomos, D. 1960. The Museum of Zante, iv (Athens: Heptanisiaka Fylla).
  20. —— 1966. Christian Art in Kefalonia (Athens: n.p.).
  21. Konomos, D. and G. Xenopoulos. 2001. Zante: Churches of Zante (repr. of the 1961 EOS review) (Athens: Papadimas).
  22. Lafontaine-Dosogne, J. 1992. Iconographie de l’enfance de la Vierge dans l’Empire byzantin et en Occident (Brussels: Académie royale de Belgique).
  23. Leontakianakou, E. 2007. ‘Templon Thorakia and Votive Icons in the Ionian Islands (17th–18th Century). From the Votive Icon to the Religious Painting: Ideological and Social Ramifications’, Archaiologia kai Technes, 103: 77–83.
  24. Mango, C. 1980. Byzantium: The Empire of New Rome (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson).
  25. Markatou, D. 2019. ‘The Teaching of the Theotokos by St Anne in the Art of the Ionian Islands: Iconographic and Hermeneutical Approach’, Proceedings of the 11th International Panionian Conference: Argostoli – Lixouri – Kourkoumelata / 21–25 May 2018 (Argostoli: Society of Historical Research for Kefalonia), pp. 105–25.
  26. Merantzas, C. 2016. ‘The Mountaineer Witness of Artistic Production of the Ionian Islands: Portable Post-Byzantine Icons from Heptanesa to Matsouko and Syrrako of Ioannina’, in 10th International Ionian Conference, Corfu 30 April – 4 May 2014, Proceedings, ii: History – Church-Art History (Corfu: Society of Corfian Studies), pp. 619–29.
  27. Mersynia, M. 2016. ‘Virgin Synebastra or Dellaportaina, Icons and Religious Heirlooms’, Kefalonitiki Proodos, 19: 49–52.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Moshopoulos, G. N. 1994. Kefalonia – A Great Museum: Ecclesiastic Art, ii: Pali (Argostoli: Local Historical Archive of Kefalonia).
  29. —— 1996. Kefalonia – A Great Museum: Ecclesiastic Art, iii: Sami – Pronni (Argostoli: Local Historical Archive of Kefalonia).
  30. Moutsopoulos, N. and G. Dimitrokallis. 1981. Geraki, the Churches of the Settlement (Thessalonike: Centre of Byzantine Research).
  31. Mylona, Z. 1998. Museum of Zante (Athens: Hellenic Organization of Cultural Resources Development).
  32. Nixon, N. 2004. Mary’s Mother: Saint Anne in Late Medieval Europe (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press).
  33. Ousterhout, R. 2009. ‘Byzantium between East and West and the Origins of Heraldry’, in Byzantine Art: Recent Studies, ed. by C. Hourihane (Tempe: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies), pp. 153–70.
  34. Pagratis, G. 2019. ‘The Political Fortune Ionian Islands from the Venetian Conquest (16th Century) until the Union with Greece (1864)’, in History Manual of the Ionian Islands, ed. by T. Pappas (Corfu: Ionian University), pp. 121–98.
  35. Panou, E. 2018. The Cult of St Anna in Byzantium (Abingdon: Routledge).
  36. —— 2019. ‘The Theological Substance of St Anna’s Motherhood in Byzantine Homilies’, in The Reception of the Mother of God in Byzantium: Marian Narratives in Texts and Images, ed. by T. Arentzen and M. B. Cunningham (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 62–76.
  37. —— 2024. ‘Ensuring Childbirth in Byzantium: Deviant and Non-deviant Practices’, Byzantina Symmeikta 34 (2024), 165–81.
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Piobinos, F. 1984. Greek Icon Painters until 1821 (Athens: ELIA).
  39. Procopiu, A. 1939. La peinture religieuse dans les Iles Ioniennes pendant le xviiie siècle (Paris: Société hellénique d’éditions).
  40. Rigopoulos, G. 1979. The Painter Theodore Poulakis and Flemish Copper Engraving (Athens: Gregoris).
  41. —— 1996. ‘Flemish Influences in Post-Byzantine Works of Lefkada’, Proceedings of the 4th Conference on Heptanesian Culture, Lefkada 8–12 September 1993: From Local History to Aggregated History; The Example of Lefkada, 15th–19th (Athens: Society of Lefkadian Studies), pp. 161–84.
  42. —— 1998. Flemish Influences in Post-Byzantine Painting (Athens: Bastas).
  43. —— 2006. Icons of Zante and their Models, 3 vols (Athens: Hiera Mitropolis of Zante and Strofades).
  44. —— (n.d.). ‘The Birth of the Theotokos and its Flemish Models’ <https://www.academia.edu/12265922/%CE%A4%CE%BF_%CE%93%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%98%CE%B5%CE%BF%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CF%84%CE%B1_%CF%86%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CF%80%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%84%CF%85%CF%80%CE%B1>, 1–19 [accessed 11 December 2023]
  45. Semoglou, A. 1996. ‘L’artiste et l’Église au xvie siècle en Grèce’, in Byzantium: Identity, Image, Influence; Abstracts; XIX International Congress of Byzantine Studies; University of Copenhagen, 18–21 August 1996 (Copenhagen: Eventus).
  46. Soldatos, C. 1999. Post-Byzantine Art of the Ionian Islands Art in the Churches and Monasteries of Lefkada (15th–20th Centuries) (Athens: Society of Lefkadian Studies).
  47. Spiteris, T. 1979. Three Centuries of Modern Greek Art 1660–1967, i (Athens: Papyros).
  48. Stavropoulou-Makri, A. 1988–1989. ‘The Presence of the Painter Theodore Poulakis on Corfu’, Chretika Chronika, 28–29: 212–23.
     [Google Scholar]
  49. Tsigaridas, E. N. and A. Loverdou-Tsigarida. 2006. Iερά Mεγίστη Mονή Bατοπαιδίου: Bυζαντινές Eικόνες και Eπενδύσεις, Άγιον Όρος: Iερά Mεγίστη Mονή Bατοπαιδίου [Holy Great Monastery of Vatopedi. Byzantine Icons and Investments, Mount Athos: Holy Great Monastery of Vatopedi] (Mount Athos: n.p.).
  50. Vivilakis, I. 2013. Preaching as Performance: Ecclesiastical Rhetoric and Theatrical Art after Byzantium (Athens: Armos).
  51. Vokotopoulos, P. 1986. ‘Seven Cretan Icons of the 17th Century’, in Amitos, Timitikos Tomos gia ton Kathigiti Manoli Androniko, ed. by M. Tiverios, S. Drougou, and C. Saatsoglou-Paliadeli (Thessalonike: Aristotle University of Thessalonike), pp. 133–45.
  52. —— 1990. Icon of Corfu (Athens: National Bank of Greece Cultural Foundation).
  53. Volanakis, I. 2016. ‘Christian Monuments of Kefalonia’, Kefalliniaka Chronika, 17: 375–431.
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Xanthaki, T. 2010. ‘The Church of St Anne in Anisaraki of Kandanos: The Cycle of the Saint, the Donors, the Dating’, Deltion Christianikis Archaeologikis Hetaireias, 31: 71–86.
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Xygopoulos, A. 1951. The Eleni Stathatou Collection (Athens: [anon.]).
  56. —— 1957. A History of Religious Painting after the Fall (Athens: The Archaeological Society of Athens).
  57. Zivas, D. 2002. The Architecture of Zante (Athens: Technical Chamber of Athens).

References

  1. Albani, T. 2017. ‘Turning the Invisible into the Visible. The Icons of Byzantine Iconostases’, in Tέμπλον: άγιες μορφές, αόρατες πύλες πίστης, 20ός και 21ος αιώνας [TEMPLON: Holy Figures, Invisible Gates of Gaith. 20th and 21st Century], ed. by C. Margarites (Athens: Aikaterini Laskarides Foundation), pp. 57–62.
  2. Alevizou, C. D. 2009. ‘On the Introduction of Western Perceptions in Orthodox Communal Churches of Heptanisa during the 18th Century’, in 8th International Panionian Conference, Kythera, 21–25 May 2006, iv (Kythera: Society of Kytherian Studies), pp. 44–58.
  3. —— 2021. Western Art in the Work of Panagiotes Doxaras (Athens: Society of Lefkadian Studies).
  4. Anogiates-Pelé, D., S. Lazari, and M. Mbotsis. 2019. ‘Eptanesa: Space and People’, in History Manual of the Ionian Islands, ed. by T. Pappas (Corfu: Ionian University), pp. 49–92.
  5. Charalambidis, A. 1978. Contribution to the Study of Ionian Painting during the 18th and 19th Centuries (Ioannina: Idryma Meleton Ioniou kai Adriatikou Horou).
  6. Chatzidakis, M. 1986. Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Art: Exhibition Catalogue (Athens: Ministry of Culture. Hellenic Organization of Cultural Resources Development).
  7. —— 1987. Greek Painters after the Fall (1450–1830), i (Athens: National Research Foundation).
  8. —— 1997. Greek Painters after the Fall (1450–1830), ii (Athens: National Research Foundation).
  9. Chatzidakis, N. 1983. Icons of the Cretan School 15th–16th: Catalogue Exhibition (Athens: Benaki Museum).
  10. Chondrogiannis, S. 2010. The Antivouniotissa Museum Corfu (Thessaloniki: Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Tourism).
  11. Deluga, W. 2014. ‘Between Candia and Venice. The Role of European Engravings in the Iconographic Transformations of Post-Byzantine Painting in Greece’, in Series Byzantina, xii (Warsaw: Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University), pp. 76–109.
  12. Drakopoulou, E. and S. Chondrogiannis. 2019. ‘The Arts in the Ionian Islands’, in History Manual of the Ionian Islands, ed. by T. Pappas (Corfu: Ionian University), pp. 351–84.
  13. Drandakis, A. 2002. Greek Icons: 14th–18th Century; The Rena Andreadis Collection (Milan: Skira).
  14. —— 2005. ‘Greek Religious Painting after the Fall of Constantinople: Tradition and Renewal’, in From Byzantium to Modern Greece: Hellenic Art in Adversity, 1453–1830; From the Collections of the Benaki Museum – Athens, ed. by A. Delivorrias (New York: Onassis Cultural Center), pp. 43–47.
  15. Ioannou, P. (ed.). 2015. Leonardo da Vinci, Leon Battista Alberti, Andrea Pozzo: On Painting; The First Translations of Art Treatises in Greek by Panayotis Doxaras (Herakleion: Crete University Press).
  16. Karakatsanis, A. 1980. Icons: The Georgios Tsakiroglou Collection (Athens: Melissa).
  17. Karayiannis, O. 2010. ‘Icon Painting during the Late Venetian Rule’, in Venetian-Held Greece: Approximating its History, ed. by C. Maltezou, D. Vlassi, and A. Tzavara (Venice: Greek Institute of Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Studies of Venice), pp. 535–55.
  18. Karkazis, M. 2005. ‘The Septinsular School of Painting: Reexamination’ (unpublished doctoral thesis, Ionian University).
  19. Konomos, D. 1960. The Museum of Zante, iv (Athens: Heptanisiaka Fylla).
  20. —— 1966. Christian Art in Kefalonia (Athens: n.p.).
  21. Konomos, D. and G. Xenopoulos. 2001. Zante: Churches of Zante (repr. of the 1961 EOS review) (Athens: Papadimas).
  22. Lafontaine-Dosogne, J. 1992. Iconographie de l’enfance de la Vierge dans l’Empire byzantin et en Occident (Brussels: Académie royale de Belgique).
  23. Leontakianakou, E. 2007. ‘Templon Thorakia and Votive Icons in the Ionian Islands (17th–18th Century). From the Votive Icon to the Religious Painting: Ideological and Social Ramifications’, Archaiologia kai Technes, 103: 77–83.
  24. Mango, C. 1980. Byzantium: The Empire of New Rome (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson).
  25. Markatou, D. 2019. ‘The Teaching of the Theotokos by St Anne in the Art of the Ionian Islands: Iconographic and Hermeneutical Approach’, Proceedings of the 11th International Panionian Conference: Argostoli – Lixouri – Kourkoumelata / 21–25 May 2018 (Argostoli: Society of Historical Research for Kefalonia), pp. 105–25.
  26. Merantzas, C. 2016. ‘The Mountaineer Witness of Artistic Production of the Ionian Islands: Portable Post-Byzantine Icons from Heptanesa to Matsouko and Syrrako of Ioannina’, in 10th International Ionian Conference, Corfu 30 April – 4 May 2014, Proceedings, ii: History – Church-Art History (Corfu: Society of Corfian Studies), pp. 619–29.
  27. Mersynia, M. 2016. ‘Virgin Synebastra or Dellaportaina, Icons and Religious Heirlooms’, Kefalonitiki Proodos, 19: 49–52.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Moshopoulos, G. N. 1994. Kefalonia – A Great Museum: Ecclesiastic Art, ii: Pali (Argostoli: Local Historical Archive of Kefalonia).
  29. —— 1996. Kefalonia – A Great Museum: Ecclesiastic Art, iii: Sami – Pronni (Argostoli: Local Historical Archive of Kefalonia).
  30. Moutsopoulos, N. and G. Dimitrokallis. 1981. Geraki, the Churches of the Settlement (Thessalonike: Centre of Byzantine Research).
  31. Mylona, Z. 1998. Museum of Zante (Athens: Hellenic Organization of Cultural Resources Development).
  32. Nixon, N. 2004. Mary’s Mother: Saint Anne in Late Medieval Europe (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press).
  33. Ousterhout, R. 2009. ‘Byzantium between East and West and the Origins of Heraldry’, in Byzantine Art: Recent Studies, ed. by C. Hourihane (Tempe: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies), pp. 153–70.
  34. Pagratis, G. 2019. ‘The Political Fortune Ionian Islands from the Venetian Conquest (16th Century) until the Union with Greece (1864)’, in History Manual of the Ionian Islands, ed. by T. Pappas (Corfu: Ionian University), pp. 121–98.
  35. Panou, E. 2018. The Cult of St Anna in Byzantium (Abingdon: Routledge).
  36. —— 2019. ‘The Theological Substance of St Anna’s Motherhood in Byzantine Homilies’, in The Reception of the Mother of God in Byzantium: Marian Narratives in Texts and Images, ed. by T. Arentzen and M. B. Cunningham (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 62–76.
  37. —— 2024. ‘Ensuring Childbirth in Byzantium: Deviant and Non-deviant Practices’, Byzantina Symmeikta 34 (2024), 165–81.
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Piobinos, F. 1984. Greek Icon Painters until 1821 (Athens: ELIA).
  39. Procopiu, A. 1939. La peinture religieuse dans les Iles Ioniennes pendant le xviiie siècle (Paris: Société hellénique d’éditions).
  40. Rigopoulos, G. 1979. The Painter Theodore Poulakis and Flemish Copper Engraving (Athens: Gregoris).
  41. —— 1996. ‘Flemish Influences in Post-Byzantine Works of Lefkada’, Proceedings of the 4th Conference on Heptanesian Culture, Lefkada 8–12 September 1993: From Local History to Aggregated History; The Example of Lefkada, 15th–19th (Athens: Society of Lefkadian Studies), pp. 161–84.
  42. —— 1998. Flemish Influences in Post-Byzantine Painting (Athens: Bastas).
  43. —— 2006. Icons of Zante and their Models, 3 vols (Athens: Hiera Mitropolis of Zante and Strofades).
  44. —— (n.d.). ‘The Birth of the Theotokos and its Flemish Models’ <https://www.academia.edu/12265922/%CE%A4%CE%BF_%CE%93%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%98%CE%B5%CE%BF%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CF%84%CE%B1_%CF%86%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CF%80%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%84%CF%85%CF%80%CE%B1>, 1–19 [accessed 11 December 2023]
  45. Semoglou, A. 1996. ‘L’artiste et l’Église au xvie siècle en Grèce’, in Byzantium: Identity, Image, Influence; Abstracts; XIX International Congress of Byzantine Studies; University of Copenhagen, 18–21 August 1996 (Copenhagen: Eventus).
  46. Soldatos, C. 1999. Post-Byzantine Art of the Ionian Islands Art in the Churches and Monasteries of Lefkada (15th–20th Centuries) (Athens: Society of Lefkadian Studies).
  47. Spiteris, T. 1979. Three Centuries of Modern Greek Art 1660–1967, i (Athens: Papyros).
  48. Stavropoulou-Makri, A. 1988–1989. ‘The Presence of the Painter Theodore Poulakis on Corfu’, Chretika Chronika, 28–29: 212–23.
     [Google Scholar]
  49. Tsigaridas, E. N. and A. Loverdou-Tsigarida. 2006. Iερά Mεγίστη Mονή Bατοπαιδίου: Bυζαντινές Eικόνες και Eπενδύσεις, Άγιον Όρος: Iερά Mεγίστη Mονή Bατοπαιδίου [Holy Great Monastery of Vatopedi. Byzantine Icons and Investments, Mount Athos: Holy Great Monastery of Vatopedi] (Mount Athos: n.p.).
  50. Vivilakis, I. 2013. Preaching as Performance: Ecclesiastical Rhetoric and Theatrical Art after Byzantium (Athens: Armos).
  51. Vokotopoulos, P. 1986. ‘Seven Cretan Icons of the 17th Century’, in Amitos, Timitikos Tomos gia ton Kathigiti Manoli Androniko, ed. by M. Tiverios, S. Drougou, and C. Saatsoglou-Paliadeli (Thessalonike: Aristotle University of Thessalonike), pp. 133–45.
  52. —— 1990. Icon of Corfu (Athens: National Bank of Greece Cultural Foundation).
  53. Volanakis, I. 2016. ‘Christian Monuments of Kefalonia’, Kefalliniaka Chronika, 17: 375–431.
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Xanthaki, T. 2010. ‘The Church of St Anne in Anisaraki of Kandanos: The Cycle of the Saint, the Donors, the Dating’, Deltion Christianikis Archaeologikis Hetaireias, 31: 71–86.
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Xygopoulos, A. 1951. The Eleni Stathatou Collection (Athens: [anon.]).
  56. —— 1957. A History of Religious Painting after the Fall (Athens: The Archaeological Society of Athens).
  57. Zivas, D. 2002. The Architecture of Zante (Athens: Technical Chamber of Athens).

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