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oa Latin-into-Hebrew Treatises on the Black Death

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Abstract

When the first epidemics of the Black Death struck Europe, a specific genre of medical literature on the plague developed. Among the medical manuals circulating at the time, a certain number were also written in Hebrew. Some of them were original works composed by Jewish physicians; other texts were translations of Arabic and Latin works into Hebrew. The phenomenon of Latin-into-Hebrew translations has long been disregarded, as it was considered marginal compared to the Arabic-into-Hebrew movement; this paper sheds light on this lesser-known aspect of the intercultural exchanges involving Hebrew, by focusing on plague treatises. The corpus of medical literature on the plague that was translated from Latin into Hebrew includes works by Gentile da Foligno, Francesco Zanelli of Bologna, John of Burgundy, Petrus de Tossignano, Antonio Guaineri of Pavia, and Valescus de Taranta. The aim of the paper is to offer a general overview of these texts, as until now only incomplete or erroneous information is available.

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Latin-into-Hebrew Treatises on the Black Death*
https://doi.org/10.1484/M.STPH-EB.5.136408
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References

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  2. Fasciculus medicinae, auctore Johanne de Ketham (Venetiis: per J. et G. de Gregoriia, 1491).
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  4. Gentilis de Fulgineo, Consilia (Papiae: per Antonium Carcanum, c. 1486).
  5. Practica Valesci de Tharanta que alias Philonium dicitur (Lugduni: Yohann Trechsel, 1490).
  6. Tractatus de epidimia et peste domini Valasti de Taranta (c. 1474).
  7. ***
    Agrimi, Jole, and Crisciani, Chiara, Les consilia médicaux (Turnhout: Brepols, 1994).
  8. Alvar, Carlos, Traducciones y traductores, Materiales para una historia de la traducción en Castilla durante la Edad Media (Madrid: Centro de Estudios Cervantinos, 2010).
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  10. Arrizabalaga, Jon, ‘Facing the Black Death: Perceptions and reactions of university medical practitioners’, in Practical Medicine from Salerno to the Black Death, ed. by Luis García-Ballester and others (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 237–88.
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References

  1. Bibliography
    Antonius Guainerius, Tractatus de peste (Venetiis: Rainald von Nimwegen, c. 1486–87).
  2. Fasciculus medicinae, auctore Johanne de Ketham (Venetiis: per J. et G. de Gregoriia, 1491).
  3. Gentilis de Fulgineo, Consilium contra pestilentiam (Pataviae: per Laurentium Canozium, c. 1472–75).
  4. Gentilis de Fulgineo, Consilia (Papiae: per Antonium Carcanum, c. 1486).
  5. Practica Valesci de Tharanta que alias Philonium dicitur (Lugduni: Yohann Trechsel, 1490).
  6. Tractatus de epidimia et peste domini Valasti de Taranta (c. 1474).
  7. ***
    Agrimi, Jole, and Crisciani, Chiara, Les consilia médicaux (Turnhout: Brepols, 1994).
  8. Alvar, Carlos, Traducciones y traductores, Materiales para una historia de la traducción en Castilla durante la Edad Media (Madrid: Centro de Estudios Cervantinos, 2010).
  9. Arieti, Stefano, ‘Medici ebrei a Bologna tra XV e XVI secolo’, in Verso l’epilogo di una convivenza: gli ebrei a Bologna nel XVI secolo, ed. by Maria Giuseppina Muzzarelli (Firenze: Giuntina, 1996), pp. 235–43.
  10. Arrizabalaga, Jon, ‘Facing the Black Death: Perceptions and reactions of university medical practitioners’, in Practical Medicine from Salerno to the Black Death, ed. by Luis García-Ballester and others (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 237–88.
  11. Aslanov, Cyril, ‘From Latin into Hebrew through the Romance Vernaculars: The Creation of an Interlanguage Written in Hebrew Characters’, in Latin-into-Hebrew: Texts and Studies, vol. 1, ed. by Alexander Fidora and others (Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2013), pp. 69–84.
  12. Barkai, Ron, ‘Jewish Treatises on the Black Death (1350–1500): A Preliminary Study’, in Medicine from the Black Death to the French Disease, ed. by Roger French and others (London: Routledge, 2020), pp. 6–25.
  13. Biraben, Jean-Nöel, Les hommes et la peste en France et dans les pays européens et méditerranéens, 2 vols (Paris-La Haye: Mouton, 1975–76).
  14. Bos, Gerrit, and Mensching, Guido, ‘The Literature of Hebrew Medical Synonyms: Romance and Latin Terms and Their Identification’, Aleph, 5 (2005), pp. 169–211.
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Bos, Gerrit, and Mensching, Guido, ‘The Black Death in Hebrew Literature: Abraham Ben Solomon Ḥen’s Tractatulus de pestilentia’, Jewish Studies Quarterly, 18 (2011), pp. 32–63.
     [Google Scholar]
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  17. Campbell, Anna Montgomery, The Black Death and Men of Learning (New York: Columbia University Press, 1931).
  18. Catalogue des manuscrits hébreux et samaritains de la Bibliothèque imperiale (Paris: Imprimerie Impériale, 1866).
  19. De Ferrari, Augusto, ‘Curialti, Pietro’, in Dizionario biografico degli Italiani, 31 (Roma: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, 1985), pp. 432–34.
  20. Dictionnaire historique de la médecine ancienne et moderne, vol. 1 (Paris: Imprimerie de Trouvé et Compagnie, 1828).
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     [Google Scholar]
  25. Fidora, Alexander, and others et al., ‘Latin-into-Hebrew: Introducing a Neglected Chapter in European Cultural History’, in Latin-into-Hebrew: Texts and Studies, vol. 1, ed. by Alexander Fidora and others (Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2013), pp. 1–10.
  26. French, Roger, Canonical Medicine. Gentile da Foligno and Scholasticism (Leiden-Boston-Köln: Brill, 2001).
  27. Freudenthal, Gad, ‘Arabic and Latin Cultures as Resources for the Hebrew Translation Movement. Comparative Considerations, Both Quantitative and Qualitative’, in Science in medieval Jewish cultures, pp. 73–105.
  28. Friedenwald, Harry, ‘The use of the Hebrew language in medical literature’, Bulletin of the Institute of the History of Medicine, 2 (1934), pp. 77–111.
     [Google Scholar]
  29. García-Ballester, Luis, and others et al., ‘Jewish Appreciation of Fourteenth-Century Scholastic Medicine’, Osiris, (2nd series), 6 (1990), pp. 85–117.
  30. Ginzburg, David, ‘Be’er la-Ḥay: The Plague Treatise of R. Isaac ben Todros’ [Hebrew], in Jubelschrift zum neunzigsten Geburtstag des Dr L. Zunz, (Berlin: Gershel, 1884), pp. 91–126.
  31. Goldenstein, Bernard R., ‘A Prognostication based on the Conjunction of Saturn and Jupiter in 1166 [561 AH]’, in Studies in the History of the Exact Sciences in Honour of David Pingree (Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2004), pp. 735–57.
  32. Gregory, Tullio, ‘I cieli, il tempo, la storia’, in Id., Speculum naturale. Percorsi del pensiero medievale (Roma: Storia e Letteratura, 2007), pp. 69–91.
  33. Horrox, Rosemary (trans. and ed. by), The Black Death (Manchester-New York: Manchester University Press, 1994).
  34. Jacquart, Danielle, ‘De la science à la magie: le cas d’A. Guainerio, médecin italien du xve siècle’, Littérature, médecine et société, 9 (1988), pp. 137–56.
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Jacquart, Danielle, ‘Theory, Everyday Practice, and Three Fifteenth-Century Physicians’, Osiris 6 (1990), pp. 140–60.
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Lemay, Richard, Abu Ma’shar and Latin Aristotelianism in the Twelfth century (Beirut: American University of Beirut, 1962).
  37. Marchiaro, Michelangiola, and Zamponi, Stefano (eds.), I manoscritti datati della Biblioteca nazionale centrale di Firenze, vols 4, vol. 4 (Firenze: Sismel – Edizioni del Galluzzo, 2018).
  38. Matheson, Lister M., ‘Médecins sans Frontières?: The European Dissemination of John of Burgundy’s Plague Treatise’, A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews, 18 (2005), pp. 19–30.
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Matheson, Lister M., ‘John of Burgundy: Treatises on Plague’, in Sex, Aging, and Death in a Medieval Medical Compendium. Trinity College Cambridge MS R.14.52, Its Texts, Language, and Scribe, ed. by M. Teresa Tavormina, (Tempe: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2006), pp. 569–606.
  40. Mazzini, Giuseppe, Vita e opera di maestro Pietro da Tossignano (Roma: Leonardo da Vinci, 1926).
  41. Mugnai Carrara, Daniela, ‘Guaineri, Antonio’, in Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, 60 (Roma: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, 2003), https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/antonio-guaineri_(Dizionario-Biografico)/
  42. Neubauer, Adolf, ‘Handschriften in kleineren Bibliotheken’, Israelitische Letterbode, 2 (1876–77), pp. 83–94.
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Palazzo, Alessandro, ‘Le apparizioni angeliche e demoniache secondo Alberto il Grande e Ulrico di Strasburgo’, Giornale critico della filosofia italiana, 85 (2006), pp. 237–253.
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Palazzo, Alessandro, ‘Astrology and Politics: the Theory of Great Conjunctions in Albert the Great’, in Quaestio, 19 (2019), Stars, Kingdoms, Beliefs, and Masses. Political Astrology in the Mediterrenean Area from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance, ed. by Marienza Benedetto and others, pp. 173–203.
  45. Perani, Mauro, ‘La cultura ebraica a Bologna nella testimonianza dei manoscritti’ in La cultura ebraica a Bologna tra Medioevo e Rinascimento (Firenze: Giuntina, 2002), pp. 29–70.
  46. Pinkhof, Herman, Abraham Kashlari over Pestachtige Koortsen. Hebreeuwsch met Nederlandsche Vertaling. Naar het te Leiden voorhanden handschrift, benevens een bericht over vier andere 14e eeuwsche Hebreeuwsche handschriften, handelende over de pest (Amsterdam: 1891).
  47. Puccinotti, Francesco, Storia della medicina, 3 vols (Livorno: Wagner, 1850).
  48. Rand, Kari Anne, ‘A Previously Unnoticed Fragment of John of Burgundy’s Plague Tract and Some Connected Pest Regimens’, Notes and Queries, 53 (2006), pp. 295–97.
     [Google Scholar]
  49. Richler, Benjamin, and Beit-Arié, Malachi (eds.), Hebrew manuscripts in the Biblioteca Palatina in Parma: catalogue (Jerusalem: Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Jewish National and University Library, 2001).
  50. Rothschild, Jean-Pierre, ‘Motivations et méthodes des traductions en hébreu du milieu du xiie à la fin du xve siècle’, in Traduction et traducteurs au Moyen Âge. Actes du colloque international du CNRS organisé à Paris, ed. by Geneviève Contamine (Paris: Éditions du CNRS, 1989), pp. 279–302.
  51. Rothschild, Jean-Pierre, ‘Traductions refaites et traductions révisées’, in Latin-into-Hebrew: Texts and Studies, vol. 1, ed. by Alexander Fidora and others (Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2013), pp. 391–420.
  52. Schwarz, Arthur Zacharias, Die hebräischen Handschriften der Nationalbibliothek in Wien (Wien-Prag-Leipzig: Strache, 1925).
  53. Singer, Dorothea Waley, ‘Some Plague Tractates (Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries)’, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. Section of the History of Medicine, 9 (1916), pp. 159–212.
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