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oa The COVID-19 Pandemic. An Exogenous Shock into Political Systems in the Middle East and North Africa?

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Abstract

This work will analyse in what extent the Covid-19 Pandemic has been influencing the Middle East and North African socio-political systems. It will focus on the economic, social, and political impacts by highlighting how the MENA countries are reacting to this exogenous shock. This chapter will also try to figure out how Covid-19 is influencing the ideological framework of middle eastern societies by highlighting the difficulties of the ruling elite in order to face this crisis. At last, the Omani case will be analysed in order to offer a more concrete example of how the pandemic has been triggering several socio-economic weak points in the MENA region.

Hardbound ISBN: 978-2-503-59892-5
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The COVID-19 Pandemic. An Exogenous Shock into Political Systems in the Middle East and North Africa?*
https://doi.org/10.1484/M.STPH-EB.5.136417
/content/books/10.1484/M.STPH-EB.5.136417
/content/books/10.1484/M.STPH-EB.5.136417

References

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  23. Kowalski, Philip, ‘COVID-19 Is Amplifying the Plight of Turkish and Iranian Kurds’, Geopolitical monitor (2020), https://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/covid-19-is-amplifying-the-plight-of-turkish-and-iranian-kurds/
  24. Musette, Mohammed Saïb, ‘Brain Drain from the Southern Mediterranean’, IEMed Mediterranean Yearbook 2016 (Barcelona: European Institute of the Mediterranean, 2016),
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  26. Siavoshi, Sussan, ‘Factionalism and Iranian Politics: The Post-Khomeini Experience’, Iranian Studies, 25. 3–4 (1992), pp. 27–49.
  27. Sievers, Marc J., ‘Oman’s handling of the coronavirus’, Atlantic Council (2020), https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/omans-handling-of-the-coronavirus/
  28. Talaat Badr Elsayed, Dina, ‘Causes of Corruption in the MENA Region: A Cross-National Comparative Study’ (Duisburg–Essen: Universität Duisburg Essen, 2019), https://duepublico2.uni-due.de/receive/duepublico_mods_00070009
  29. ***
    http://www.emro.who.int/fr/health-topics/corona-virus/using-technology-to-contain-covod-19-in-oman.html
  30. https://newlinesinstitute.org/events/covid-19-and-arab-regimes-a-conversation-with-dr-marwan-muasher/
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References

  1. Bibliography
    Adelaja, Adesoji, and Justin George, ‘Is Youth Unemployment Related to Domestic Terrorism?’, Perspectives on Terrorism, 14. 5 (2020), pp. 41–62.
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Alden, Chris, and Charles Dunst, ‘COVID-19: Gulf States and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)’, The London School of Economics and Political Science, (2022), https://www.lse.ac.uk/international-relations/centres-and-units/global-south-unit/COVID-19-regional-responses/Gulf-States-and-COVID-19
  3. Atamanov, Aziz, and Laura Rodriguez, ‘The Islamic Republic of Iran: Battling Both Income Loss and Inflation’, MENA Development Report, Distributional Impacts of COVID-19 in the Middle East and North Africa Region, 2021, December, https://doi.org/10.1596/978–1-4648–1776-2_ch8
  4. Boukhars, Anouar, ‘The Paranoid Neighbor: Algeria and the Conflict in Mali’, (Washington D.C., USA: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2012), https://carnegieendowment.org/2012/10/22/paranoid-neighbor-algeria-and-conflict-in-mali-pub-49756
  5. Brun, Itai, and Sarah Feuer, ‘The Calm before the Storm?: Coping with Corona in the Middle East’, Institute for National Security Studies, (2020), http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep23535
  6. Byman, Daniel, ‘Yemen’s Disastrous War’, Survival, 60. 5 (2018), pp. 141–58.
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Çakmak, Cenap, ‘The Arab Spring and the Shiite Crescent: Does Ongoing Change Serve Iranian Interests?’, The Review of Faith & International Affairs, 13. 2 (2015), pp. 52–63, https://doi.org/DOI: [Crossref]
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Cordesman, Anthony H., and Abdullah Toukan, ‘The Return of ISIS in Iraq, Syria, and the Middle East’, Center for Strategic & International Studies (2019), https://www.csis.org/analysis/return-isis-iraq-syria-and-middle-east
  9. Dabrowski, Marek, and Marta Domínguez-Jiménez, ‘Economic Crisis in the Middle East and North Africa’ (Bruegel, 2021), http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep28495
  10. Daga, Giulia, ‘EU and Oman: Small Steps Toward a Stronger Partnership?’, The Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington, (2022), https://agsiw.org/eu-and-oman-small-steps-toward-a-stronger-partnership/
  11. Demir, Ömer, ‘Anatolian Tigers or Islamic Capital: Prospects and Challenges’, Middle Eastern Studies, 40. 6 (2004), pp. 166–188.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Ershad, Alijani, ‘Prophet’s Perfume and Flower Oil: How Islamic Medicine Has Made Iran’s Covid-19 Outbreak Worse’ France24, March 30, 2020, https://observers.france24.com/en/20200330-iran-coronavirus-islamic-medicine-covid-19-worse
  13. Esfandiari, Golnaz, ‘‘State Of Explosion’: Leaked IRGC Document Warns Of Rising Discontent In Iran’, Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty, (2022), https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-irgc-leaked-document-discontent/31683642.html
  14. Fawaz, A. Gerges, ‘Morning in the Middle East’, The Jordan Times, August 4, 2021, https://jordantimes.com/opinion/fawaz-gerges/morning-middle-east
  15. Feki, Shereen El, ‘MENA Men under Pressure’, The World Today, 73, 6 (2017), pp. 18–20.
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Hanafi, Sari, ‘Toward a post-COVID-19 Sociology’, Journal du MAUSS, https://journaldumauss.net/?Toward-a-post-COVID-19-Sociology
  17. Harper, Jo., ‘Riyadh Slashes Welfare as Oil and Coronavirus Effects Kick In.’ Business. Deutsche Welle, (2020), https://www.dw.com/en/riyadh-slashes-welfare-as-oil-and-coronavirus-effects-kick-in/a-53391229
  18. Hilton, Tommy, ‘Coronavirus: Oman to end Muscat lockdown on May 29’, Alarabiya News (May 2020), https://english.alarabiya.net/coronavirus/2020/05/27/Coronavirus-Oman-to-end-Muscat-lockdown
  19. Hinnebusch, Raymond, ‘The Arab Uprisings and The MENA Regional States System’, Uluslararası İlişkiler / International Relations, 11. 42 (2014), pp. 7–27.
     [Google Scholar]
  20. ‘Global democracy has another bad year But popular protests show potential for democratic renewal’, The Economist, (2022), https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2020/01/22/global-democracy-has-another-bad-year
  21. Kinninmont, Jane, ‘Bread And Dignity’, The World Today 67. 8/9 (2011), pp. 31–33.
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Khouri, Rami G., ‘Alrab leaders were already incompetent, then came coronavirus’, The New Arab, March 20, 2020, https://www.newarab.com/opinion/arab-leaders-were-already-incompetent-then-came-coronavirus
  23. Kowalski, Philip, ‘COVID-19 Is Amplifying the Plight of Turkish and Iranian Kurds’, Geopolitical monitor (2020), https://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/covid-19-is-amplifying-the-plight-of-turkish-and-iranian-kurds/
  24. Musette, Mohammed Saïb, ‘Brain Drain from the Southern Mediterranean’, IEMed Mediterranean Yearbook 2016 (Barcelona: European Institute of the Mediterranean, 2016),
  25. https://www.iemed.org/publication/brain-drain-from-the-southern-mediterranean/
  26. Siavoshi, Sussan, ‘Factionalism and Iranian Politics: The Post-Khomeini Experience’, Iranian Studies, 25. 3–4 (1992), pp. 27–49.
  27. Sievers, Marc J., ‘Oman’s handling of the coronavirus’, Atlantic Council (2020), https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/omans-handling-of-the-coronavirus/
  28. Talaat Badr Elsayed, Dina, ‘Causes of Corruption in the MENA Region: A Cross-National Comparative Study’ (Duisburg–Essen: Universität Duisburg Essen, 2019), https://duepublico2.uni-due.de/receive/duepublico_mods_00070009
  29. ***
    http://www.emro.who.int/fr/health-topics/corona-virus/using-technology-to-contain-covod-19-in-oman.html
  30. https://newlinesinstitute.org/events/covid-19-and-arab-regimes-a-conversation-with-dr-marwan-muasher/
  31. https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations

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