Skip to content
1882
Volume 2, Issue 1
  • ISSN: 2736-2426
  • E-ISSN: 2736-2434

Abstract

Abstract

Biographies of urban sites have been written for centuries, often following one overarching linear narrative of rise and decline. This contribution investigates the urban biography of Gerasa/Jerash, one of the famous Decapolis cities located in what is modern northern Jordan. It does so from a variety of perspectives in order to lay open the ways in which bringing together several and diverse perspectives might give converging, conflicting, or simply more nuanced views on the biography of a city. It is asked in what ways we might bring together such diverging narratives and correlate archaeological and historical narratives, which is one of the challenges that archaeologists and historians have to tackle. Here, the perspective brought by high-definition archaeology might also bring to the forefront new ways of tackling such biographies, giving visibility to the invisible, for example, by bringing in soil sciences.

Open-access
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1484/J.JUA.5.121534
2020-01-01
2025-12-04

Metrics

Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Albrecht, J. and et al.. 2018. ‘Religion in the Making: The Lived Ancient Religion Approach’, Religion, 2018: 10961151.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. al-Nahar, M. 2005. ‘The Neolithic Site of Tell Abu as-Suwwan: Preliminary Report’, Neo-Lithics, 1.6: 712.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. al-Nahar, M.. 2010. ‘Tell Abu Suwwan, A Neolithic Site in Jordan: Preliminary Report on the 2005 and 2006 Field Seasons’, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 357: 118.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. al-Nahar, M.. 2018. ‘The Neolithic Site of Tell Abu Suwwan in Jerash, Jordan’, in A. Lichtenberger and R. Raja (eds), The Archaeology and History of Jerash: 110 Years of Excavations, Jerash Papers, 1 (Turnhout: Brepols), pp. 714.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Al-Soub, A., M. Haddad, and D. Atiyat, ‘Revive the Circassian Cultural Heritage in the City of Jerash’, Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 5.15: 1320.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Amiran, D. H. K., E. Arieh, and T. Turcotte. 1994. ‘Earthquakes in Israel and Adjacent Areas: Macroseismic Observations since 100 b.c.e.’, Israel Exploration Journal, 44: 260305.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Amitai-Preiss, N., A. Berman, and S. Qedar. 1994–1999. ‘The Coinage of Scythopolis-Baysān and Gerasa-Jerash’, Israel Numismatic Journal, 13: 13351.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Barfod, G. and et al.. 2015. ‘Revealing Text in a Complexly Rolled Silver Scroll from Jerash with Computed Tomography and Advanced Imaging Software’, Nature Scientific Reports, 5: 110.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Bes, P. and others. Forthcoming. ‘Ceramics in Cities in Context: An Overview of Published Roman Imperial to Umayyad Pottery in the Southern Levant’, in A. Lichtenberger and R. Raja (eds), Hellenistic and Roman Gerasa: The Archaeology and History of a Decapolis City, Jerash Papers, 5 (Turnhout: Brepols), pp. 55118.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Blömer, M., A. Lichtenberger, and R. Raja. 2015. Religious Identities in the Levant from Alexander to Muhammad: Continuity and Change, Contextualizing the Sacred, 4 (Turnhout: Brepols).
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Boswell, J. 1791. The Life of Samuel Johnson (London: Henry Baldwin).
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Boyer, D. D. 2016a. ‘Aqueducts and Birkets: New Evidence of the Water Management System Servicing Gerasa ( Jarash), Jordan’, in R. Stucky, O. Kaelin, and H.-P. Mathys (eds), Proceedings of the 9th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, 9–13 June 2014, Basel 2014 (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz), pp. 51731.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Boyer, D. D.. 2016b. ‘Recent Advances in Understanding the Water Delivery System to Gerasa of the Decapolis’, in G. Wiplinger (ed.), De Aquaeductu atque Aqua Urbium Lyciae Pamphyliae Pisidiae / The Legacy of Sextus Julius Frontinus: Tagungsband des Internationalen Frontinus-Symposiums Antalya, 31. October – 9. November 2014 (Leuven: Peeters), pp. 14354.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Brenk, B. 1991. ‘Die Umwandlung der Synagoge von Apamea in eine Kirche. Eine mentalitätsgeschichtliche Studie’, in E. Dassmann and K. Thraede (eds), Tesserae: Festschrift für Josef Engemann, Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum: Ergänzungsband, 18 (Münster: Aschendorff), pp. 125.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Cresswell, A. J. and et al.. 2018. ‘Luminescence Dating of Soils and Sediments from Jerash, Jordan’, Biological and Environmental Sciences Research Reports <http://hdl.handle.net/1893/27524>.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Crowfoot, J. W. 1931. Churches at Jerash: A Preliminary Report of the Joint Yale-British Expeditions to Jerash, 1928–1930, British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem, Suppl. 3 (London: Council of the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem).
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Crowfoot, J. W.. 1938. ‘The Christian Churches’, in C. H. Kraeling (ed.), Gerasa: City of the Decapolis (New Haven: American Schools of Oriental Research), pp. 171262.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Crowfoot, J. W. and R. W. Hamilton. 1929. ‘The Discovery of a Synagogue in Jerash’, Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 6: 21119.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Dahmen, K. 2007. The Legend of Alexander the Great on Greek and Roman Coins (London: Routledge).
    [Google Scholar]
  20. DeGeorgi, A. 2016. Ancient Antioch: From the Seleucid Era to the Islamic Conquest (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Degg, M. R. 1990. ‘A Database of Historical Earthquake Activity in the Middle East’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 11: 294307.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Detweiler, A. H. 1942. ‘Some Early Jewish Architectural Vestiges from Jerash’, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 87: 1017.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Döring, M. 2016. ‘Wasser für die Dekapolis – Römisches Wasserversorgungssystem im Norden Jordaniens’, Schriften der Deutschen Wasserhistorischen Gesellschaft, 5: 183216.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Dvorjetski, E. 2005. ‘The Synagogue-Church at Gerasa in Jordan: A Contribution to the Study of Ancient Synagogues’, Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins, 121: 14067.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Elitzur, Y. 2004. Ancient Places Named in the Holy Land: Preservation and History ( Jerusalem: Magnes).
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Fisher, C. S. 1938. ‘Description of the Site’, in C. H. Kraeling (ed.), Gerasa: City of the Decapolis (New Haven: American Schools of Oriental Research), pp. 1126.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Gatier, P.-L. 1985. ‘Nouvelles inscriptions de Gérasa’, Syria, 62: 297312.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Gatier, P.-L.. 2018. ‘Antioche du Chrysorhoas’, Topoi, 22: 22549.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Haensch, R., A. Lichtenberger, and R. Raja. 2016. ‘Christen, Juden und Soldaten im Gerasa des 6. Jhr. Neue archäologisch-epigraphische Befunde’, Chiron, 46: 177204.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Hahn, J., S. Emmel, and U. Gotter (eds). 2008. From Temple to Church: Destruction and Renewal of Local Cultic Topography in Late Antiquity, Religions in the Graeco-Roman World (Leiden: Brill).
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Harl, K. W. 1987. Civic Coins and Civic Politics in the Roman East a.d. 180–275 (Berkeley: University of California Press).
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Hengel, M. 2011. Die Zeloten: Untersuchungen zur Jüdischen Freiheitsbewegung in der Zeit von Herodes I. bis 70 n. Chr., 3rd and rev. edn, ed. by R. Deines and C.-J. Thornton, Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament, 283 (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck).
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Holdridge, G. and et al.. 2017. ‘City and Wadi: Exploring the Environs of Jerash’, Antiquity Project Gallery, 91.358: e7.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Holdridge, G. and et al.. Forthcoming. ‘Soils, Sediments, and Urban History of the Ancient City Jerash’, in A. Lichtenberger and R. Raja (eds), Environmental Studies, Remote Sensing, and Modelling: Final Publications from the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project, i, Jerash Papers, 6 (Turnhout: Brepols).
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Howgego, C., V. Heuchert, and A. Burnett (eds). 2005. Coinage and Identity in the Roman Provinces (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Kalaitzoglou, G., A. Lichtenberger, and R. Raja. 2013. ‘Preliminary Report of the Second Season of the Danish-German Jarash Northwest Quarter Project 2012’, Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 57: 5779.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Kalaitzoglou, G., A. Lichtenberger, and R. Raja. 2014. ‘The Danish-German Jarash North-West Quarter Project 2013: Preliminary Report of the Third Season’, Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 58: 1137.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Kalaitzoglou, G., A. Lichtenberger, and R. Raja. 2015. ‘Preliminary Report of the Fourth Season of the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project 2014’, Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 59: 1143.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Kalaitzoglou, G. and et al.. 2012. ‘Report on the Geophysical Prospection of the Northwest Quarter of Gerasa/Jarash 2011’, Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 56: 7990.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Kalaitzoglou, G. and et al.. Forthcoming. ‘Preliminary Report of the Fifth Season of the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project 2015’, Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 60.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Kaplun, A. 2020. ‘New Examples of a Rare Coin Type of Gerasa in the Decapolis’, OzeAN: Online Zeitschrift zur Antiken Numismatik, 2 <https://doi.org/10.17879/ozean-2020-2632>.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Kasher, A. 1990. Jews and Hellenistic Cities in Eretz-Israel: Relations of the Jews in Eretz-Israel with the Hellenistic Cities during the Second Temple Period (332 bce – 70 ce), Texte und Studien zum Antiken Judentum, 21 (Tübingen: Mohr).
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Klinghardt, M. 2007. ‘Legionsschweine in Gerasa. Lokalkolorit und historischer Hintergrund von Mk 5,1–20’, Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft, 98: 2848.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Kraeling, C. H. (ed.). 1938a. Gerasa: City of the Decapolis (New Haven: American Schools of Oriental Research).
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Kraeling, C. H.. 1938b. ‘The History of Gerasa’, in C. H. Kraeling (ed.), Gerasa: City of the Decapolis (New Haven: American Schools of Oriental Research), pp. 2769.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Lachat, C. and et al.. 2000. ‘Les Thermes de Birketein à Gerasa ( Jérash, Jordanie) et le rôle du bain dans la vie religieuse du Proche-Orient’, Syria, 92: 4565.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Levine, L. I. 2000. The Ancient Synagogue: The First Thousand Years (New Haven: Yale University Press).
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Lichtenberger, A. (ed.). 2002. Ulrich Jasper Seetzen: Unter Mönchen und Beduinen; Reisen in Palästina und angrenzenden Ländern 1805–1807 (Stuttgart: Erdmann).
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Lichtenberger, A.. 2003. Kulte und Kultur der Dekapolis: Untersuchungen zu numismatischen, archäologischen und epigraphischen Zeugnissen (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz).
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Lichtenberger, A.. 2008. ‘Artemis and Zeus Olympios in Roman Gerasa and Seleucid Religious Policy’, in T. Kaizer (ed.), The Variety of Local Religious Life in the Near East in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods (Leiden: Brill), pp. 13353.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Lichtenberger, A.. 2014. ‘Continuity, Discontinuity and Change in the Religious Life of Northern Jordan in the Roman Period’, in R. Raja and E. Frood (eds), Redefining the Sacred, Contextualizing the Sacred, 1 (Turnhout: Brepols), pp. 20929.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Lichtenberger, A.. 2018. ‘The First Jewish Revolt as Reflected on the City Coins of the Southern Levant’, Israel Numismatic Research, 13: 12138.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Lichtenberger, A.. 2019. ‘Antioch at the Chrysorrhoas – Gerasa, but which River?’, Syria, 96: 47176.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Lichtenberger, A. and R. Raja. 2012. ‘Preliminary Report of the First Season of the Danish-German Jarash Northwest Quarter Project 2011’, Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 56: 23140.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Lichtenberger, A.. 2014. ‘Jarash Northwest Quarter Project’, American Journal of Archaeology, 118: 643.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Lichtenberger, A.. 2015a. ‘A Hoard of Byzantine and Arab-Byzantine Coins from the Excavations in Jerash: 6. Jerash 2014’, Numismatic Chronicle, 175: 299308.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Lichtenberger, A.. 2015b. ‘An Architectural Block with Altar-Iconography from the Northwest Quarter of Jerash’, Levant, 47: 11230.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Lichtenberger, A.. 2015c. ‘New Archaeological Research in the Northwest Quarter of Jerash and its Implications for the Urban Development of the Roman Gerasa’, American Journal of Archaeology, 119: 483500.
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Lichtenberger, A.. 2016a. ‘The Danish-German Northwest Quarter Project at Jarash: Results from the 2011–2013 Seasons’, in Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan, xii: Transparent Borders (Amman: Department of Antiquities), pp. 17388.
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Lichtenberger, A.. 2016b. ‘Ğeraš in the Middle Islamic Period: Connecting Texts and Archaeology through New Evidence from the Northwest Quarter’, Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins, 132: 6381.
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Lichtenberger, A.. 2016c. ‘Living with and on the River-Side: The Example of Roman Antioch-on-the-Chrysorrhoas-Formerly-Called-Gerasa’, in J. K. Madsen, N. O. Andersen, and I. Thuesen (eds), Water of Life: Festschrift for Peder Mortensen, Proceedings of the Danish Institute in Damascus, 11 (Copenhagen: Orbis), pp. 98115.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Lichtenberger, A. (eds). 2017a. Gerasa/Jerash: From the Urban Periphery (Aarhus: Fællestrykkeriet, AU).
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Lichtenberger, A.. 2017b. ‘Mosaicists at Work: The Organisation of Mosaic Production in Early Islamic Jerash’, Antiquity, 91: 9981010.
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Lichtenberger, A.. 2017c. ‘Urban Archaeology and the Understanding of the Past: Antiochia on the Chrysorrhoas, also Called Gerasa’, in A. Lichtenberger and R. Raja (eds), Gerasa/Jerash: From the Urban Periphery (Aarhus: Fællestrykkeriet, AU), pp. 919.
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Lichtenberger, A. (eds). 2018a. The Archaeology and History of Jerash: 110 Years of Excavations, Jerash Papers, 1 (Turnhout: Brepols).
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Lichtenberger, A.. 2018b ‘From Synagogue to Church: The Appropriation of the Synagogue in Gerasa/Jerash under Justinian’, Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum, 61: 8598.
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Lichtenberger, A.. 2018c. ‘Middle Islamic Jerash through the Lens of the Longue Dureé’, in A. Lichtenberger and R. Raja (eds), Middle Islamic Jerash (9th Century – 15th Century): Archaeology and History of an Ayyubid-Mamluk Settlement, Jerash Papers, 3 (Turnhout: Brepols), pp. 536.
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Lichtenberger, A. (eds). 2018d. Middle Islamic Jerash (9th Century – 15th Century): Archaeology and History of an Ayyubid-Mamluk Settlement, Jerash Papers, 3 (Turnhout: Brepols).
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Lichtenberger, A.. 2018e. ‘The Middle Islamic Period in Northern Jordan and its Pottery: Ceramics in Context’, in A. Lichtenberger and R. Raja (eds), Middle Islamic Jerash (9th Century – 15th Century): Archaeology and History of an Ayyubid-Mamluk Settlement, Jerash Papers, 3 (Turnhout: Brepols), pp. 14.
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Lichtenberger, A.. 2018f. ‘River Archaeology and Urban Resilience in Jerash’, in R. Raja and S. M. Sindbæk (eds), Urban Network Evolutions: Towards a High-Definition Archaeology (Aarhus: Aarhus University Press), pp. 12530.
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Lichtenberger, A.. 2018g. ‘Urban Networks Seen through Urban Peripheries: The Case of Gerasa on the Golden River’, in R. Raja and S. M. Sindbæk (eds), Urban Network Evolutions: Towards a High-Definition Archaeology (Aarhus: Aarhus University Press), pp. 10108.
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Lichtenberger, A. (eds). 2019a. Byzantine and Umayyad Jerash Reconsidered: Transitions, Transformations, Continuities, Jerash Papers, 4 (Turnhout: Brepols).
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Lichtenberger, A.. 2019b. ‘Defining Borders: The Umayyad-Abbasid Transition and the Earthquake of ad 749 in Jerash’, in A. Lichtenberger and R. Raja (eds), Byzantine and Umayyad Jerash Reconsidered: Transitions, Transformations, Continuities, Jerash Papers, 4 (Turnhout: Brepols), pp. 26586.
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Lichtenberger, A.. 2019c. ‘Introduction: The Conundrum of Chronologies of the Byzantine and Umayyad Periods in Jerash’, in A. Lichtenberger and R. Raja (eds), Byzantine and Umayyad Jerash Reconsidered: Transitions, Transformations, Continuities, Jerash Papers, 4 (Turnhout: Brepols).
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Lichtenberger, A.. 2020. ‘Management of Water Resources over Time in Semiarid Regions: The Case of Gerasa/Jerash in Jordan’, WIREs Water, 7: e1403 <https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1403>.
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Lichtenberger, A. (eds). Forthcoming. On the Golden River: Gerasa through the Eyes of 19th and Early 20th Century Visitors, Jerash Papers, 2, 2 vols (Turnhout: Brepols).
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Lichtenberger, A., R. Raja, and A. H. Sørensen. 2013. ‘Preliminary Registration Report of the Second Season of the Danish-German Jarash Northwest Quarter Project 2012’, Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 57: 956.
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Lichtenberger, A., R. Raja, and A. H. Sørensen. 2014. ‘The Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project 2013: Preliminary Registration Report’, Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 58: 39103.
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Lichtenberger, A., R. Raja, and A. H. Sørensen. 2015. ‘Preliminary Registration Report of the Fourth Season of the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project 2014’, Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 59: 45131.
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Lichtenberger, A., R. Raja, and D. Stott. 2019. ‘Mapping Gerasa: A New and Open Data Map of the Site’, Antiquity Project Gallery, 93.367: e7.
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Lichtenberger, A. and et al.. 2015. ‘Radiocarbon Analysis of Mortar from Roman and Byzantine Water Management Installations in the Northwest Quarter of Jerash, Jordan’, Journal of Archaeological Sciences: Reports, 2: 11427.
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Lichtenberger, A. and et al.. 2016. ‘A Newly Excavated Private House in Jerash: Reconsidering Aspects of Continuity and Change in Material Culture from Late Antiquity to the Early Islamic Period’, Bibliothèque de l’antiquité tardive, 24: 31759.
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Lichtenberger, A. and et al.. 2019. ‘Urban-Riverine Hinterland Synergies in Semi-Arid Environments: Millennial-Scale Change, Adaptations, and Environmental Responses at Gerasa/Jerash’, Journal of Field Archaeology, 44: 33351 <https://doi.org/10.1080/00934690.2019.1625619>.
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Lichterman, P. and et al.. 2017. ‘Grouping Together in Lived Ancient Religion: Individual Interacting and the Formation of Groups’, Religion in the Roman Empire, 3: 310.
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Marco, S. and et al.. 2003. ‘Archaeology, History, and Geology of the a.d. 749 Earthquake, Dead Sea Transform’, Geology, 31: 66568.
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Meshorer, Y. 1985. City-Coins of Eretz-Israel and the Decapolis in the Roman Period ( Jerusalem: Israel Museum).
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Meshorer, Y., G. Bijovsky, and W. Fischer-Bossert. 2013. Coins of the Holy Land: The Abraham and Marian Sofaer Collection at the American Numismatic Society and the Israel Museum, Ancient Coins in North American Collections, 8, 2 vols (New York: American Numismatic Society).
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Meyer, M. 2006. Die Personifikation der Stadt Antiochia: Ein neues Bild für eine neue Gottheit, Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Ergänzungshefte, 33 (Berlin: De Gruyter).
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Michel, A. 2001. Les Églises d’époque byzantine et umayyade de la Jordanie (provinces d’Arabie et de Palestine), ve-viiie siècle: typologie architecturale et aménagements liturgiques, Bibliothèque de l’antiquité tardive, 2 (Turnhout: Brepols).
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Möller, H. 2017. ‘Ceramics in Context: Interpreting Life through Pottery’, in A. Lichtenberger and R. Raja (eds), Gerasa/ Jerash: From the Urban Periphery (Aarhus: Fællestrykkeriet, AU), pp. 5966.
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Naghawi, A. 1982. ‘An Umayyad Mosque at Jerash’, Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 26: 2022 (Arabic).
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Parapetti, R. 2018. ‘Recent Italian Restoration Work and Excavation in the Sanctuary of Artemis 2008–14’, in A. Lichtenberger and R. Raja (eds), The Archaeology and History of Jerash: 110 Years of Excavations, Jerash Papers, 1 (Turnhout: Brepols).
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Piccirillo, M. 1993. Mosaics of Jordan, American Center of Oriental Research Publications Series, 1 (Ammam: American Center of Oriental Research).
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Peterson, A. 2017. ‘Medieval Pottery from Jerash: The Middle Islamic Settlement’, in A. Lichtenberger and R. Raja (eds), Gerasa/Jerash: From the Urban Periphery (Aarhus: Fællestrykkeriet, AU), pp. 6774.
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Raja, R. 2009. ‘The Sanctuary of Artemis in Gerasa’, in T. Fischer-Hansen and B. Poulsen (eds), From Artemis to Diana: The Goddess of Man and Beast, Acta Hyperborea, 12 (Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press), pp. 383401.
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Raja, R.. 2013. ‘Changing Spaces and Shifting Attitudes: Revisiting the Sanctuary of Zeus in Gerasa’, in T. Kaizer and et al. (eds), Cities and Gods: Religious Space in Transition (Leuven: Peeters), pp. 3146.
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Raja, R.. 2015. ‘Bishop Aeneas and the Church of St Theodore in Gerasa’, in É. Rebillard and J. Rüpke (eds), Group Identity and Religious Individuality in Late Antiquity (Washington, DC: Catholic University Press), pp. 27092.
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Raja, R.. 2017. ‘Zeus Olympios, Hadrian and the Jews of Antiochia-on-the-Chrysorrhoas-Formerly-Called-Gerasa’, in E. Minchin and H. Jackson (eds), Text and the Material World: Essays in Honour of Graeme Clarke, Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology (Uppsala: Astrom), pp. 17195.
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Raja, R. and J. Rüpke (eds). 2015a. A Companion to the Archaeology of Religion in the Ancient World (Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell).
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Raja, R. and J. Rüpke. 2015b. ‘Archaeology of Religion, Material Religion and the Ancient World’, in R. Raja and J. Rüpke (eds), A Companion to the Archaeology of Religion in the Ancient World (Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell), pp. 126.
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Romanowska, I. and et al.. 2018. ‘Urban Networks Seen through Ceramics: Formal Modelling Approaches to Pottery Distribution in Jerash’, in R. Raja and S. M. Sindbæk (eds), Urban Network Evolutions: Towards a High-Definition Archaeology (Aarhus: Aarhus University Press), pp. 13137.
    [Google Scholar]
  102. Rosenberger, M. 1978. The Coinage of Eastern Palestine and Legionary Countermarks, Bar-Kochba Overstrucks ( Jerusalem: Rosenberger).
    [Google Scholar]
  103. Rosenfeld, B. Z. 2010. Torah Centers and Rabbinic Activity in Palestine, 70–400 ce: History and Geographic Distribution, Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism, 138 (Leiden: Brill).
    [Google Scholar]
  104. Sbeinati, M. R., R. Darawcheh, and M. Mouty. 2005. ‘The Historical Earthquakes of Syria: An Analysis of Large and Moderate Earthquakes from 1365 b.c. to 1900 a.d.’, Annals of Geophysics, 48: 347435.
    [Google Scholar]
  105. Schnapp, A. 2014. Was ist eine Ruine? Entwurf einer vergleichenden Perspektive, Historische Geisteswissenschaften, 7 (Göttingen: Wallstein).
    [Google Scholar]
  106. Schnapp, A.. 2018. ‘What Is a Ruin? The Western Definition’, KNOW: A Journal on the Formation of Knowledge, 2: 15573.
    [Google Scholar]
  107. Schumacher, G. 1902. ‘Dscherasch’, Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palastina-Vereins, 25: 10977.
    [Google Scholar]
  108. Schürer, E. 1979. The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175 b.c.a.d. 135), new English version, rev. and ed. by G. Vermes, F. Millar, and M. Black (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark).
    [Google Scholar]
  109. Seigne, J. 1985. ‘Le Sanctuaire de Zeus à Jerash: éléments de chronologie’, Syria, 62: 28795.
    [Google Scholar]
  110. Seigne, J.. 1989. ‘History of Exploration at Jerash: The Sanctuary of Zeus’, in C. Hennessy and D. Homès-Fredericq (eds), Archaeology of Jordan, ii.1: Field Reports, Surveys and Sites (A–K) (Leuven: Peeters), pp. 31923.
    [Google Scholar]
  111. Seigne, J.. 1992. ‘Jérash romaine et byzantine: développement urbain d’une ville provinciale orientale’, Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan, 4: 33141.
    [Google Scholar]
  112. Seigne, J.. 1993. ‘A l’ombre de Zeus et d’Artémis. Gerasa de la Décapole’, ARAM Periodical, 4: 18595.
    [Google Scholar]
  113. Seigne, J.. 1997. ‘De la grotte au périptère: Le Sanctuaire de Zeus Olympien à Jerash’, Topoi, 7: 9931004.
    [Google Scholar]
  114. Seigne, J.. 2004. ‘Remarques préliminaires à une étude sur l’eau dans la Gerasa antique’, in H.-D. Bienert and J. Häser (eds), Actes du symposium international sur Men of Dikes and Canals: The Archaeology of Water in the Middle-East; International Symposium Held at Petra, Wadi Musa (H.K. of Jordan) 15–20 June, 1999, Orient-Archäologie, 13 (Rahden: Leidorf), pp. 17385.
    [Google Scholar]
  115. Seigne, J.. 2008. ‘Fontaines et adduction d’eau à Gerasa ( Jerash, Jordanie)’, Syria, 85: 3550.
    [Google Scholar]
  116. Seigne, J.. 2014. ‘Des portiques du naos de Zeus Olympien aux entrées des thermes de l’évêque Placcus: emprunts et recyclages d’éléments architecturaux à Gerasa’ (and additional note: ‘Date de construction de la “cathédrale” de Gerasa’), Topoi, 19: 595627.
    [Google Scholar]
  117. Seigne, J.. 2016. ‘Limites des espaces sacrés antiques: permanences et évolutions, quelques exemples orientaux’, in Y. Lafond and V. Michel (eds), Espaces sacrés dans la Méditerranée antique: colloque de Poitiers, 13–14 octobre 2011 (Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes), pp. 15367.
    [Google Scholar]
  118. Seigne, J. and I. Zubi. 1997. ‘Roman Villa’, in C. Castel, M. al-Maqdissi, and F. Villeneuve (eds), Les Maisons dans la Syrie antique du iiie millénaire aux débuts de l’Islam: pratique et représentations de l’espace domestique; actes du colloque international, damas, 27–30 juin 1992 (Beirut: Institut français d’archéologie du Proche-Orient).
    [Google Scholar]
  119. Seyrig, H. 1950. Notes on Syrian Coins, Numismatic Notes and Monographs, 119 (New York: American Numismatic Society).
    [Google Scholar]
  120. Shami, S. 1992. ‘19th Century Circassian Settlements in Jordan’, Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan, 4: 41721.
    [Google Scholar]
  121. Shami, S.. 2009. ‘Historical Processes of Identity Formation: Displacement, Settlement, and Self-Representations of the Circassians in Jordan’, Iran & the Caucasus, 13: 14159.
    [Google Scholar]
  122. Spijkerman, A. 1978. The Coins of the Decapolis and Provincia Arabia, Biblici Franciscani collectio maior, 25 ( Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press).
    [Google Scholar]
  123. Stig Sørensen, M. L. and D. Viejo-Rose (eds). 2015. War and Cultural Heritage (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
    [Google Scholar]
  124. Stott, D. and et al.. 2018. ‘Mapping an Ancient City with a Century of Remotely Sensed Data’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States (PNAS), 115.24: E545058.
    [Google Scholar]
  125. Tsafrir, Y. and G. Foerster. 1992. ‘The Dating of the “Earthquake of the Sabbatical Year” of 749 c.e. in Palestine’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 55: 23135.
    [Google Scholar]
  126. Viejo-Rose, D. 2011. Reconstructing Spain: Cultural Heritage and Memory after Civil War (Sussex: Sussex Academic Press).
    [Google Scholar]
  127. Walker, D. A. 1894. ‘The Circassian Colonies at Ammân and Jerash’, The Biblical World, 4: 20204.
    [Google Scholar]
  128. Walmsley, A. 2003a. ‘The Friday Mosque of Early Islamic Jarash in Jordan: The 2002 Field Season of the Danish-Jordanian Islamic Jarash Project’, Journal of the C. L. David Collection, 1: 11131.
    [Google Scholar]
  129. Walmsley, A.. 2003b. ‘The Newly Discovered Congregational Mosque of Jarash in Jordan’, Al-Usur al-Wusta, 15: 1724.
    [Google Scholar]
  130. Walmsley, A.. 2018. ‘Urbanism at Islamic Jarash: New Readings from Archaeology and History’, in A. Lichtenberger and R. Raja (eds), The Archaeology and History of Jerash: 110 Years of Excavations, Jerash Papers, 1 (Turnhout: Brepols).
    [Google Scholar]
  131. Walmsley, A. and K. Damgaard. 2005. ‘The Umayyad Congregational Mosque of Jarash in Jordan and its Relationship to Early Mosques’, Antiquity, 79: 36278.
    [Google Scholar]
  132. Welles, C. B. 1938. ‘The Inscriptions’, in C. H. Kraeling (ed.), Gerasa: City of the Decapolis (New Haven: American Schools of Oriental Research), pp. 35569.
    [Google Scholar]
  133. Willis, B. 1928. ‘Earthquakes in the Holy Land’, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 18: 73103.
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1484/J.JUA.5.121534
Loading
  • Article Type: Research Article
This is a required field.
Please enter a valid email address.
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An error occurred.
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error:
Please enter a valid_number test