Osea 1-3. Composizione e senso

Despite different problems and diachronic solutions proposed by modern authors, a synchronic interpretation of Hos 1-3 is not only possible but highly rewarding. First, the full text of the three chapters is synoptically displayed, translated and analyzed with special attention to the verb forms used in order to understand its perspective and intention (§ 1). Then, the two Godʼs commands to the prophet (1:2 and 3:1) are discussed in order to understand the situations envisaged (§ 2). Further, on the basis of the titles used for Israel, both the leaders and the simple people (§ 3), and of the function of ch. 2 in the context (§ 4), the historical situation behind the text is outlined (§ 5). Finally, the relationship between the historical situation and the composition of Hos 1-3 is evaluated (§ 6). The main problem of the text, i.e., the swift transition from Israel rejected by God, unlike Judah, in ch. 1, to Israel and Judah together in exile but open towards liberation, in ch. 2, combines two different chronological situations, i.e., the one following the end of the Northern Kingdom in 722 B.C., and the other following the exile of 701 B.C., a Judean exile not usually recognized by the historians. With his parallel arrangement of chs. 1-3, the prophet intends to announce a process of rejection, purification and reconciliation with the God of whole Israel, who finally will become one people under one king, “a new David.”