Skip to content
1882
Volume 68, Issue 1
  • ISSN: 0081-8933
  • E-ISSN: 2507-0428

Abstract

Abstract

Lexicons of the NT, and many commentators and translators, read ἔνοχος in Jas 2:10 as "guilty", so that the verse seems to affirm a paradox: anyone who transgresses just one precept of the Law becomes guilty of breaking all the others. This article suggests translating πάντων ἔνοχος as "defendant of / suspected of / charged of all (sins / violations of the Law)". The meaning "defendant" is documented for ἔνοχος in Koiné Greek, as is shown by the study of the occurrences of the adjective in literature from the 2nd century BC to the 2nd century AD, in papyri, inscriptions and Byzantine lexicons. The analysis of the cases and meanings of nouns governed by ἔνοχος suggests that the referrent of πάντων are not precepts, but are rather sins against the Law. This interpretation is consistent with the context of Jas 2:8-13 and clarifies the address. Therefore it will be proposed to record for the entry ἔνοχος in NT lexicons the meanings "defendant of / suspected of / charged of", next to those of "subject to" and "guilty".

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1484/J.LA.4.2019040
2018-01-01
2025-12-05

Metrics

Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Testo biblico
    BJ 2005: La Bible de Jérusalem. Traduite en français sous la direction de l’École biblique de Jérusalem, Nouvelle édition revue et corrigée, Paris.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. BS 2013: La Bibbia dei Settanta, III. Libri poetici (Antico e Nuovo Testamento 16), ed. C. Martone, Brescia.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. CEE 2010: La Sagrada Biblia. Versión Oficial de la Conferencia Episcopal Española (Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos), Madrid.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. CEI 1974; 2008: La Sacra Bibbia. Edizione ufficiale della Conferenza Episcopale Italiana, Roma.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. 2016: Die Bibel. Einheitsübersetzung der Heiligen Schrift, Gesamtausgabe, Stuttgart.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. LXXG: Septuaginta. Vetus Testamentum Graecum Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis editum, Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, Göttingen, I: Genesis, ed. J.W. Wevers, 1974. II,2: Leviticus, ed. J.W. Wevers - U. Quast, 1986. III,1: Numeri, ed. J.W. Wevers - U. Quast, 1982. III,2: Deuteronomium, ed. J.W. Wevers - U. Quast, 1977. IX,2: Maccabaeorum liber II, ed. R. Hanhart, 19762. XI,4: Iob, ed. J. Ziegler, 1982. XIV: Isaias, ed. J. Ziegler, 19672.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. NA28: Novum Testamentum Graece, ed. B. Aland - K. Aland - J. Karavidopoulos C.M. Martini - B.M. Metzger, Stuttgart 201228.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. NABRE 2011: The New American Bible, Oxford University Press, Revised Edition.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. NETS 2007: A New English Translation of the Septuagint. And the Other Greek Translations Traditionally Included under That Title, ed. A. Pietersma - B.G. Wright, Oxford - New York.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. NJB 1999: The New Jerusalem Bible, New York - London - Toronto – Sydney Auckland.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. NRSV 1989: The Holy Bible. New Revised Standard Version, New York - Oxford.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. SD 2009: Septuaginta Deutsch. Das griechische Alte Testament in deutscher Übersetzung, ed. W. Kraus - M. Karrer, Stuttgart.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. TOB 2010: La Bible. Traduction œcuménique, Paris.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. TOL 2013: La Bible. Traduction Officielle Liturgique, Commission internationale francophone pour les traductions et la liturgie, Paris.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Fonti
    Anton. Ep.: Ἀντωνίνου ἐπιστολὴ πρὸς τὸ κοινὸν τῆς Ἀσίας (Cod. Par. 450, 326,17-330,18), ed. E. Schwartz, Eusebius Werke. 2: Die Kirchengeschichte, 1. Die Bücher I bis V (GCS 9.1), Leipzig 1903, 328.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Aristot. Ath.: Aristotle, The Athenian constitution (LCL 285), ed. H. Rackham, Cambridge MA - London 1935 (rist. 1971), 8181.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Aug. Ep. 167: Hipponensis Augustinus, Epistola 167. Se sententia Iacobi liber, in Sant’Agostino, Le lettere, II (124-184/A). Testo latino dell’edizione Maurina confrontato con il CSEL. Traduzione e note di L. Carrozzi (Nuova Biblioteca Agostiniana. Opere di Sant’Agostino III.22), Roma 1971, 756781.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Demosth. 20: Demosthenes, Adversus Leptinem, ed. M.L. Amerio, in L. Canfora et al. (ed.), Discorsi e lettere di Demostene (Classici greci), II. Discorsi in tribunale, tomo I, Torino 2000, 431530. 24: In Timocratem, ed. P.M. Pinto, ibid., tomo II, 325435.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Dion.: Dionysius Halicarnasensis, Antiquitatum Romanarum quae supersunt (BT), ed. C. Jacoby, I-III, 1885; IV-VI, 1888; VII-IX, 1891; X-XX, 1905.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. FGH III.B: Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker. III: Geschichte von Staedten und Voelkern (Horographie und Ethnographie), B. Autoren ueber einzelne Staedte (Laender) Nr. 297-607, ed. F. Jacoby, Leiden 1950.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Hesych.: Hesychii Alexandrini Lexicon. Recensuit et emendavit K. Latte, II: Ε-Ο, Hauniae 1966. IV: Τ-Ω (Sammlung griechischer und lateinischer Grammatiker 11/4), Editionem post K. Latte continuantes recensuerunt et emendaverunt P.A. Hansen - I.C. Cunningham, Berlin - New York 2009.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. IC II: Inscriptiones Creticae. II: Tituli Cretae occidentalis, ed. M. Guarducci, Roma 1939.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. IG II2: Inscriptiones Graecae. II-III: Inscriptiones Atticae Euclidis anno posteriores, ed. J. Kirchner, I.1. Decreta annorum 403/2-230/29, Berolini 1913.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. IG VII: Inscriptiones Graecae, VII. Inscriptiones Megaridis et Boeotiae, ed. W. Dittenberger, Berlin 1892.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. IK 6: Die Inschriften von Lampsakos (Inschriften griechischer Städte aus Kleinasien 6), ed. P. Frisch, Bonn 1978.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Luc. Bis acc.: Lucian, The Double Indictment (LCL 130), ed. A.M. Harmon, Cambridge MA - London 1921 (rist. 1969), 84151.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Lys. 14: Lysias, XIV. Against Alcibiades: for deserting the ranks (LCL 244), ed. W.R.M. Lamb, Cambridge MA - London 1930 (rist. 1976), 338363.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. P.Köln 6: Kölner Papyri (P.Köln) (Papyrologica Coloniensia 7), VI, ed. M. Gronewald - B. Kramer - K. Maresch - M. Parca - C. Römer, Opladen 1987.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. P.Tebt. 3: The Tebtunis Papyri, III.I (University of California Publications. Graeco-Roman Archaeology 3), ed. A.S. Hunt - J.G. Smyly, London 1933; III. II (University of California Publications. Graeco-Roman Archaeology 4), ed. A.S. Hunt - J.G. Smyly - C.C. Edgar, London 1938.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Philo Dec.: Philo Alexandrinus, De Decalogo (Les Œuvres de Philon d’Alexandrie 23), ed. V. Nikiprowetzky, Paris 1965. Sacr.: De sacrificiis Abelis et Caini (Les Œuvres de Philon d’Alexandrie 4), ed. A. Méasson, Paris 1966.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Plut. C.Min.: Plutarchus, Cato Minor (LCL 100), ed. B. Perrin, Cambridge MA London 1919, 236411. Mor.: Moralia, IV (LCL 305), ed. F. Cole Babbitt, Cambridge MA - London 1936 (rist. 1962); XIV (LCL 428), ed. B. Einarson - P.H. De Lacy, Cambridge MA - London 1967.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Pol.: Polybius, The Histories, IV (LCL 159), ed. W.R. Paton, Cambridge MA - London 1925 (rist. 1976).
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Poll.: Pollucis onomasticon (Lexicographi graeci 9), ed. E. Bethe, Stuttgart - Leipzig, I: I-V, 1900; II: VI-X, 1931 (editio stereotypa 1998).
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Ps.-Clem. Hom.: Die Pseudoklementinen, I. Homilien (GCS 42.2), ed. B. Rehm - J. Irmscher - F. Paschke, Berlin 19692. Epit. pr.: Clementina epitome prior edita correctior, in Clementinorum epitomae duae, ed. A.R.M. Dressel, Leipzig 1859, 2119.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Rut.: Publius Rutilius Lupus, Schemata dianoeas et lexeos, ed. G. Barabino, Genova 1967.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Suid.: Suidae Lexicon. II: Δ-Θ (Lexicographi graeci 1), ed. A. Adler, 1931 (editio stereotypa Stuttgart 1994).
    [Google Scholar]
  37. TAM III.1: Tituli Asiae Minoris. III: Tituli Pisidiae linguis Graeca et Latina conscripti, 1. Tituli Termessi et agri Termessensis, ed. R. Heberdey, Vienna 1941.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Tyriaion: Naour C., Tyriaion en Cabalide: épigraphie et géographie historique (Studia Amstelodamensia ad Epigraphicam, ius Antiquum et Papyrologicam Pertinentia 20), Zutphen 1980.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Zon.: Iohannis Zonarae Lexicon. I: Α-Θ, ed. J.A.H. Tittmann, Lipsiae 1808.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Banche dati
    Papyri.info: Banche dati Advanced Papyrological Information System (APIS), Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri (DDbDP), Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis der griechischen Papyrusurkunden Ägyptens (HGV), Bibliographie Papyrologique (BP), http://papyri.info.
  41. PHI: The Packard Humanities Institute, Searchable Greek Inscriptions. A Scholarly Tool in Progress, Cornell University - Ohio State University, http://epigraphy.packhum.org.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. TLG: Thesaurus Linguae Graecae® Digital Library, ed. M.C. Pantelia, University of California, Irvine, http://www.tlg.uci.edu.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Lessici e studi
    Abbott-Smith G. 19373, A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament, Edinburgh (rist. 1999).
  44. Allison D.C. Jr. 2013, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle of James (ICC), London - New York.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Assaël J. - Cuvillier É. 2013, L’épître de Jacques (CNT. Deuxième série XIIIa), Genève.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. BAAR: W. Bauer - K. Aland - B. Aland - V. Reichmann, Griechisch-Deutsches Wörterbuch zu den Schriften des Neuen Testaments und der übrigen urchristlichen Literatur, Berlin - New York 19886.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Bailly A. 1950, Dictionnaire grec-français. Rédigé avec le concours de E. Egger. Édition revue par L. Séchan et P. Chantraine, Paris.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Bauer W. 19524, Griechisch-Deutsches Wörterbuch zu den Schriften des Neuen Testaments und der übrigen urchristlichen Literatur, Berlin.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. BDAG: W. Bauer - F.W. Danker - W.F. Arndt - F.W. Gingrich (ed.), A GreekEnglish Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Chicago - London 20003.
    [Google Scholar]
  50. BDR: F. Blass - A. Debrunner - F. Rehkopf, Grammatica del greco del Nuovo Testamento (Introduzione allo studio della Bibbia. Supplementi 2), Brescia 19972.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Bickermann E. 1935, “Utilitas Crucis. Observations sur les récits du procès de Jésus dans les Évangiles canoniques”, Revue de l’histoire des religions 112, 169241.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Bottini G.C. 2014, Lettera di Giacomo. Nuova versione, introduzione e commento (I libri biblici. Nuovo Testamento 17), Milano.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Boyle M.O’R. 1985, “The Stoic Paradox of James 2.10”, NTS 31, 611617.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Burchard C. 2000, Der Jakobusbrief (HNT 15/1), Tübingen.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Cantinat J. 1973, Les épîtres de Saint Jacques et de Saint Jude (SB), Paris.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Chaine J. 1927, L’épître de Saint Jacques (ÉB), Paris.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Danker F.W. 2009, The Concise Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament, Chicago - London.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Davids P.H. 1982, The Epistle of James. A Commentary on the Greek Text (NIGTC), Grand Rapids MI - Cambridge.
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Delli Pizzi A. 2011, “Impiety in Epigraphic Evidence”, Kernos 24, 5976.
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Δημητράκος Δ. 1953, Μέγα λεξικὸν ὅλης τῆς Ἑλληνικῆς γλώσσης, V, Αθήνα.
    [Google Scholar]
  61. DGE 2009: F.R. Adrados, Diccionario Griego-Español. VII: ἐκπελλεύω - ἔξαυος, Madrid.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Dibelius M. - Greeven H. 1975, James. A Commentary on the Epistle of James (Hermeneia. A Critical and Historical Commentary on the Bible), Philadelphia PA.
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Fabris R. 1977, Legge della libertà in Giacomo (Supplementi alla Rivista Biblica 8), Brescia.
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Fabris R. 2004, Lettera di Giacomo. Introduzione, versione, commento (Scritti delle Origini Cristiane 17), Bologna.
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Frankemölle H. 1994, Der Brief des Jakobus. II: Kapitel 2-5 (ÖTK.NT 17), Gütersloh.
    [Google Scholar]
  66. García Santos A.-Á. 2011, Diccionario del griego bíblico. Setenta y Nuevo Testamento (Instrumentos para el estudio de la Biblia 21), Estella (Navarra).
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Hansc H., ἐνέχω, ἔνοχος, in G. Kittel - G. Fiedrich (ed.), Grande Lessico del Nuovo Testamento. Edizione italiana a cura di F. Montagnini e G. Scarpat (= GLNT). III: ἔγγυος - ζύμη, Brescia 1967, 13531354.
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Hartin P.J. 2003, James (Sacra Pagina 14), Collegeville MN.
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Jeremias J., ῥακά, GLNT, XI: πούς - σέβομαι, Brescia 1977, 939948.
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Johnson L.T. 1982, “The Use of Leviticus 19 in the Letter of James”, JBL 101, 391401.
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Johnson L.T. 1995, The Letter of James. A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary (The Anchor Bible 37A), New York.
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Jones C.P. 2018, “A Letter of Antoninus Pius and an Antonine Rescript concerning Christians”, Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 58, 6776.
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Keith P. 2004, “La citation de Lv 19,18b en Jc 2,1,13”, in J. Schlosser (ed.), The Catholic Epistles and the Tradition (BEThL 176), Leuven, 227247.
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Kratz R., ἔνοχος, in H. Balz - G. Schneider (ed.), Dizionario Esegetico del Nuovo Testamento. I: Ἀαρών - Καφαρναούμ, Brescia 1995, 12191221.
    [Google Scholar]
  75. LEH: J. Lust - E. Eynikel - K. Hauspie, A Greek-English Lexicon of the Septuagint, Stuttgart 20032.
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Louw J.P. - Nida E.A. 1988, Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament Based on Semantic Domains. I: Introduction & Domains; II: Indices, New York.
    [Google Scholar]
  77. LSJ 19409: H.G. Liddell - R. Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon. Revised and augmented throughout by Sir. Henry Stuart Jones, with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie and with the cooperation of many scholars. With a revised Supplement, Clarendon Press, Oxford (rist. 1996).
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Marconi G. 1990, La lettera di Giacomo. Traduzione e commento (Commenti Biblici), Roma.
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Martin R.P. 1988, James (Word Biblical Commentary 48), Waco TX.
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Mayor J.B. 19133, The Epistle of St. James. The Greek Text with Introduction, Notes and Comments and Further Studies in the Epistle of St. James, London.
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Mayser 1933, Grammatik der griechischen Papyri aus der Ptolemäerzeit. II.2: Satzlehre. Analytischer Teil, Zweite Hälfte, 1. Lieferung, Berlin.
    [Google Scholar]
  82. McCartney D.G. 2009, James (BECNT), Grand Rapids MI.
    [Google Scholar]
  83. McKnight S. 2011, The Letter of James (NICNT), Grand Rapids MI - Cambridge.
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Menestrina G. 1978, “L’Epistola 167 de sententia Iacobi apostoli (Giac. 2,10) di Sant’Agostino”, BeO 20, 4349.
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Metzner R. 2017, Der Brief des Jakobus (THKNT 14), Leipzig.
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Montanari F. 20133, Vocabolario della lingua greca. Con la collaborazione di I. Garofalo e D. Manetti. Fondato su un progetto di N. Marinone, Torino.
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Mortara Garavelli B., “diafora”, in G.L. Beccaria (ed.), Dizionario di linguistica e di filologia, metrica, retorica (Piccola Biblioteca Einaudi. Saggistica letteraria e linguistica), Torino 19942, 226227.
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Moulton J.H. - Milligan G. 1930, The Vocabulary of the Greek Testament. Illustrated from the Papyri and Other non-Literary Sources, Grand Rapids MI (rist. 1976).
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Munari M. 2013, Il compimento della Torah. Gesù e la Scrittura in Mt 5,17-48 (SBF Analecta 81), Milano.
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Muraoka T. 2009, A Greek-English Lexicon of the Septuagint, Louvain - Paris - Walpole MA.
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Popkes W. 2001, Der Brief des Jakobus (THKNT 14), Leipzig.
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Romizi R. 20073, Greco antico. Vocabolario Greco Italiano etimologico e ragionato, Bologna.
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Ropes J.H. 1916, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle of St. James (ICC), Edinburgh.
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Rusconi C. 20133, Vocabolario del greco del Nuovo Testamento, Bologna.
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Thayer J.H. 18892, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament. Being Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti translated revised and enlarged, New York - Cincinnati - Chicago.
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Trench R.C. 1906, Synonyms of the New Testament. With some Etymological Notes by A.L. Mayhew. New Edition, London.
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Wachob W.H. 2000, The Voice of Jesus in the Social Rhetoric of James (SNTS- MS 106), Cambridge - New York - Port Melbourne.
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Wall R.W. 1997, Community of the Wise. The Letter of James (The New Testament in Context), Valley Forge PA.
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Wallace D.B. 1996, Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics. An Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament with Scripture, Subject, and Greek Word Indexes, Grand Rapids MI.
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Watson D.F. 1993, “James 2 in Light of Greco-Roman Schemes of Argumentation”, NTS 39, 94121.
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Zorell F. 19613, Lexicon graecum Novi Testamenti, Parisiis.
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1484/J.LA.4.2019040
Loading
  • Article Type: Research Article
This is a required field.
Please enter a valid email address.
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An error occurred.
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error:
Please enter a valid_number test
aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYnJlcG9sc29ubGluZS5uZXQv