Matenadaran
Medieval and Early Modern Armenian Studies (MEMAS)
Volume 2, Issue 1, 2025
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An Opuscule of Yovhannēs Orotnets‘i on Divine Names
show More to view fulltext, buy and share links for:An Opuscule of Yovhannēs Orotnets‘i on Divine Names show Less to hide fulltext, buy and share links for: An Opuscule of Yovhannēs Orotnets‘i on Divine NamesBy: Sergio La PortaAbstractThis article presents a small text by Yovhannēs Orotnets‘i on divine names that is preserved in Matenadaran manuscript 2121. The paper first provides a brief overview of Orotnets‘i’s life and works, then an edition and translation of the text with commentary. The commentary elucidates parallels with the works attributed to Dionysius the Areopagite, Aristotle, Dawit‘ Anyaght‘ (David the Invincible), the scholiastic tradition on the corpus Areopagiticum, John of Damascus, and Armenian commentaries on grammar. Many of the points forwarded by Orotnets‘i also appear in the writings of his student, Grigor Tat‘ewats‘i (1344–1409). The text underscores not only Orotnets‘i’s erudition, but also how the ideas found in the works attributed to Dionysius the Areopagite were integrated with the study of grammar, philosophy, theology, and biblical exegesis in the monastic school curricula of Gladzor and Tat‘ew.
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La premiere œuvre de Nersēs Shnorhali (1121): (Sacralisation poétique d’une geste nationale)
show More to view fulltext, buy and share links for:La premiere œuvre de Nersēs Shnorhali (1121): (Sacralisation poétique d’une geste nationale) show Less to hide fulltext, buy and share links for: La premiere œuvre de Nersēs Shnorhali (1121): (Sacralisation poétique d’une geste nationale)By: Jean-Pierre MahéAbstractL’article analyse le poème épique Vipasanut‘iwn de Nersēs Shnorhali (composé en 1121), qui marque le début de la carrière littéraire de cet éminent poète arménien. En utilisant des octosyllabes monorimes, Shnorhali a introduit une innovation dans la poésie arménienne. Il s’inspire de l’Histoire de Movsēs Khorenats‘i et d’autres travaux des historiens pour relater des événements historiques, la geste épique de son lignage remontant à la dynastie royale des Arshakuni et, en particulier, les défis auxquels l’Arménie chrétienne a dû faire face lors des invasions seldjoukides. La solidarité entre les exploits de sa propre famille descendant des Arshakuni et les événements historiques de la nation arménienne est un thème central de l’œuvre de Shnorhali. Bien qu’il considère la Providence divine comme la clé pour comprendre l’histoire et surmonter les crises de son temps, il offre une leçon qui reste pertinente pour les défis contemporains de l’Arménie.
AbstractThe article examines the epic poem Vipasanut‘iwn by Nersēs Shnorhali composed in 1121, which marks the start of this eminent Armenian poet’s literary career. Using monorhyme octosyllables, Shnorhali broke new ground in Armenian poetry. He drew on the History of Movsēs Khorenats‘i and works of other historians to recount historical events, the lineage of the Arshakuni dynasty, and, in particular, the challenges faced by Christian Armenia during the Seljuk invasions. The “solidarity” between the epic deeds of his own family, i.e. the Arshakuni ancestors, and the historical events related to the Armenian nation is a central theme in his work. Though Nersēs Shnorhali regards divine providence as key to understanding history and overcoming the crises of his time, he offers a lesson that remains relevant to Armenia’s contemporary challenges.
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Ukhtanēs on Noah and Armenian Parabiblical Traditions
show More to view fulltext, buy and share links for:Ukhtanēs on Noah and Armenian Parabiblical Traditions show Less to hide fulltext, buy and share links for: Ukhtanēs on Noah and Armenian Parabiblical TraditionsBy: Michael E. StoneAbstractThis article examines the Noah material found in the tenth-century Armenian historical work by Ukhtanēs. The traditions known to him are compared with those in the abundant, later Noah parabiblical works, and while he has some unique emphases, on the other hand, he is not familiar with material common in later parabiblical texts.
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The Armenian Translation and the Greek Text of Philo’s De Abrahamo 1–16
show More to view fulltext, buy and share links for:The Armenian Translation and the Greek Text of Philo’s De Abrahamo 1–16 show Less to hide fulltext, buy and share links for: The Armenian Translation and the Greek Text of Philo’s De Abrahamo 1–16By: Boris NikolskyAbstractThe aim of this article is to demonstrate the importance of the old Armenian translation of Philo’s De Abrahamo in establishing its correct Greek original. The work on a forthcoming critical edition of the Armenian text provides us with new information on the Greek text as well. It is argued that the Greek manuscript from which the treatise was translated into Armenian was independent of the archetype of the extant Greek manuscripts and free from certain errors contained in the archetype. Furthermore, the relations of the Armenian text with the two main recensions of the Greek manuscripts are described. It is also argued that the Greek manuscript from which the work was translated did not have its own specific errors.
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- History
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The Problem of Armenian Origins in the Light of Recent Archaeogenetic Data
show More to view fulltext, buy and share links for:The Problem of Armenian Origins in the Light of Recent Archaeogenetic Data show Less to hide fulltext, buy and share links for: The Problem of Armenian Origins in the Light of Recent Archaeogenetic DataAuthors: Armen Petrosyan and Aram PalyanAbstractThe article presents the latest archaeogenetic data on the basis of which one of the most major problems of the history of Armenia—the origins and formation of the Armenian people—is examined. According to these data, regardless of the localisation of the early Indo-European (Indo-Hittite) Urheimat, the late Indo-European homeland was formed in the steppe and forest-steppe regions of Eastern Europe, from the Volga to the Dniester basins. It was from there that all the present Indo-European languages originated. Archaeogenetic data convincingly prove a migration of people across the Caucasus from the East European steppes to the South Caucasus and the Armenian Highland starting from the mid-third millennium BC. Those migrants and their descendants created the Trialeti-Vanadzor, Sevan-Artsakh, Van-Urmia, and Lchashen-Metsamor cultures of the Middle, Late Bronze, and Iron Ages. Even at the end of the kingdom of Urartu (seventh–sixth centuries BC), the local population in the territory of modern Armenia (the land Etiuni of Urartian sources) still had a significant steppe patrilineal DNA (75%). Armenian should have been the language of the creators of those cultures, and archaeogenetic data testify in favour of the Etiuni hypothesis of the origin of the Armenians.
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The First of Early Modern Armenian Diplomats: Rethinking Abgar Dpir’s Contribution to Armenian National History
show More to view fulltext, buy and share links for:The First of Early Modern Armenian Diplomats: Rethinking Abgar Dpir’s Contribution to Armenian National History show Less to hide fulltext, buy and share links for: The First of Early Modern Armenian Diplomats: Rethinking Abgar Dpir’s Contribution to Armenian National HistoryAbstractThis article addresses the understudied field of early modern Armenian diplomacy, specifically focusing on the overlooked case of Abgar Dpir’s delegation to Rome in 1562. The delegation marked a turning point in Armenian religious history, triggering Vatican’s aggressive intervention and exacerbating the confessional division between Catholic and Apostolic Armenians. This paper aims to unravel the motives behind Abgar’s mission, acknowledging the diverse goals of those involved. As such, the article claims that Abgar Dpir was not of royal origin. This background was invented by Etchmiadzin leaders to fit Abgar within the Western “society of princes” and to give his delegation a fighting chance. Additionally, the author states that Abgar’s printing activity was a cover-up for his diplomatic mission. Rooted in the “new diplomatic history” paradigm, this article contributes to the understanding of non-elite intermediaries in Mediterranean cross-confessional diplomacy during the early modern period.
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- History of Medicine
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The “Nazlum Family Medical Book”: Codex M11161 and Its “Medical Book on Horses”
show More to view fulltext, buy and share links for:The “Nazlum Family Medical Book”: Codex M11161 and Its “Medical Book on Horses” show Less to hide fulltext, buy and share links for: The “Nazlum Family Medical Book”: Codex M11161 and Its “Medical Book on Horses”Authors: Jasmine Dum-Tragut and Ovsanna KhachatryanAbstractThis article presents a challenging and complex study of a hitherto unexplored medical manuscript, the codex no. 11161 of the Matenadaran (M11161), starting with its physical characteristics, provenance, and textual composition. By a detailed analysis of one of the key texts of this medical compilation, a book on horses, it is compared with other medical manuscripts. Through our research, it has been possible to date and locate the production of this unusual manuscript more precisely, and to place it within the Armenian medical tradition between medieval Cilicia and early modern Nor Jugha (New Julfa) — not without a surprise at the end.
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Armenian Bole (Deposits, Chemical Composition, Application) and References to It in Medieval Armenian Medical Texts
show More to view fulltext, buy and share links for:Armenian Bole (Deposits, Chemical Composition, Application) and References to It in Medieval Armenian Medical Texts show Less to hide fulltext, buy and share links for: Armenian Bole (Deposits, Chemical Composition, Application) and References to It in Medieval Armenian Medical TextsAuthors: Armen Sahakyan and Stephan HeymannAbstractThis article explores the historical and modern applications of Armenian bole (bolus armenicus) in medicine, highlighting its anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-tumour, and other therapeutic properties. The historical use of this clay is witnessed by prominent Armenian and foreign scholars of the Middle Ages. Its significance extended into both Eastern and Western medicine until the eighteenth century. Today, as confirmed by research at the Matenadaran, Armenian bole is still valued in traditional medicine. The resurgence of interest in Armenian bole aligns with a broader trend towards integrating traditional remedies with modern medical practices. The geological and mineralogical analysis of Armenian bole reveals its rich composition. It has diverse applications in medicine and industry. This study includes citations from medieval medical works and concludes with the potential of Armenian bole’s catalytic properties, which will be the focus of future research.
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- Art History
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Essai pour une nouvelle lecture du bas-relief du tympan inférieur du narthex de l’église Saint-Étienne le Protomartyr du monastère de Noravankʻ
show More to view fulltext, buy and share links for:Essai pour une nouvelle lecture du bas-relief du tympan inférieur du narthex de l’église Saint-Étienne le Protomartyr du monastère de Noravankʻ show Less to hide fulltext, buy and share links for: Essai pour une nouvelle lecture du bas-relief du tympan inférieur du narthex de l’église Saint-Étienne le Protomartyr du monastère de NoravankʻAbstractLe tympan inférieur de la porte d’entrée situé sur la façade ouest du narthex (fondé en 1261), accolé à l’église Saint-Étienne le Protomartyr de Noravankʻ, présente une curieuse composition avec la Vierge à l’Enfant en son centre. Il dévoile une représentation singulière et riche de sens. L’oiseau sous les pieds de l’Enfant représentant l’oiseau d’argile, révèle le récit apocryphe du miracle de l’enfant Jésus, qui, à l’image du Père créant Adam, a façonné des oiseaux en argile et les a animés de son souffle, tout comme le Père a animé le corps d’Adam. Un autre détail notable est le lion ou le lionceau sur lequel l’Enfant semble être assis, montrant le lion de la tribu de Juda, celui de la vision de Daniel dans le livre d’Esdras, symbolisant le Messie que le Très Haut a réservé pour la fin des jours, celui qui se lèvera de la race de David pour délivrer la terre.
De part et d’autre de la Vierge à l’Enfant, au milieu d’entrelacs, sont placés les prophètes de l’Ancien Testament, présentés en buste, auréolés, et montrés de profil avec leurs têtes tournées vers la Vierge. À gauche, une grande lettre « Ա », légèrement inclinée vers la droite, se situe entre le prophète et la Vierge. Une flèche à trois pointes se détache de la voyelle « Ա », pointant vers la Vierge Marie, semblant entrer directement dans son oreille et nous guidant ainsi vers l’incarnation du Christ, selon la formule employée par saint Éphrem le Syrien pour décrire une conception par l’oreille. Plus bas, le mot « ԲԱՌՆ » se détache du fond, soulignant l’idée de la parole et de la prophétie de la conception virginale et de la naissance du « fils de l’homme », qui est également « le fils de Dieu », doté de la puissance et du souffle créateur du Père. Cette présentation exceptionnelle et savante est renforcée par l’inscription qui encadre cette belle composition : ԱՅՍ ԷԱՌ ԻՄ : ԱՒՐՀՆԵԱԼ Է ԱՀԵՂ ԱՆՈՒՆՆ Ա[ՍՏՈՒԱ]Ծ Ի ԾԱԳԱՑ ՄԻՆՉ Ի ԾԱԳՍ ԾԱԳԻՆ ՈՐ ՈՉ ՀԱՏ ԵՒ ՈՉ ՎՃ[ԱՌ] (« Il prit mon souffle. Béni soit le nom terrible de Dieu des extrémités jusqu’à l’extrémité de l’extrémité qui n’a ni début ni fin »).
AbstractThe lower tympanum of the entrance door located on the west façade of the narthex (founded in 1261), adjacent to the Church of Saint Stephen the Protomartyr of Noravankʻ, presents a curious composition with the Virgin and Child at the centre. It reveals a unique and meaningful representation. The bird under the feet of the Child, representing the clay bird, reveals the apocryphal tale of the miracle of the infant Jesus, who, in the likeness of the Father creating Adam, fashioned birds out of clay and animated them with His breath, much like the Father animated the body of Adam. Another noteworthy detail is the lion or lion cub on which the Child seems to be seated, representing the lion of the tribe of Judah, as seen in Daniel’s vision in the Book of Esdras, symbolising the Messiah reserved by the Most High for the end of days, the one who will rise from the lineage of David to deliver the earth.
On either side of the Virgin and Child, amidst interlacing patterns, stand the prophets of the Old Testament, presented in busts, adorned with halos, and shown in profile with their heads turned toward the Virgin. To the left, a large letter Ա slightly inclined to the right, is positioned between the prophet and the Virgin. A three-pointed arrow projects from the vowel Ա, pointing towards the Virgin Mary, seems to enter directly into her ear, guiding us towards the incarnation of Christ, according to the formula used by Saint Ephrem the Syrian to describe a conception through the ear. Below, the word ԲԱՌՆ stands out from the background, emphasising the idea of the utterance and the prophecy of the virgin conception and birth of the “Son of Man”, who is also the “Son of God” endowed with the power and creative breath of the Father. This exceptional and erudite presentation is reinforced by the inscription framing this beautiful composition: ԱՅՍ ԷԱՌ ԻՄ: ԱՒՐՀՆԵԱԼ Է ԱՀԵՂ ԱՆՈՒՆՆ Ա[ՍՏՈՒԱ]Ծ Ի ԾԱԳԱՑ ՄԻՆՉ Ի ԾԱԳՍ ԾԱԳԻՆ ՈՐ ՈՉ ՀԱՏ ԵՒ ՈՉ ՎՃ[ԱՌ] (“He took my breath. Blessed be the fearsome name of God from the ends to the end of the end, which has no beginning and no end”).
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- Book Reviews
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Book Reviews: Christina Maranci & Michael E. Stone, Armenian Manuscripts of the David and Jemima Jeselsohn Collection, The Hebrew University Magnes Press Jerusalem, 2024
show More to view fulltext, buy and share links for:Book Reviews: Christina Maranci & Michael E. Stone, Armenian Manuscripts of the David and Jemima Jeselsohn Collection, The Hebrew University Magnes Press Jerusalem, 2024 show Less to hide fulltext, buy and share links for: Book Reviews: Christina Maranci & Michael E. Stone, Armenian Manuscripts of the David and Jemima Jeselsohn Collection, The Hebrew University Magnes Press Jerusalem, 2024By: Ani Arakelyan
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Book Reviews: Armenia through the Lens of Time. Multidisciplinary Studies in Honour of Theo Maarten van Lint, edited by Federico Alpi, Robin Meyer, Irene Tinti, and David Zakarian, with the collaboration of Emilio Bonfiglio (Armenian Texts and Studies 6). Leiden – Boston: Brill, 2022
show More to view fulltext, buy and share links for:Book Reviews: Armenia through the Lens of Time. Multidisciplinary Studies in Honour of Theo Maarten van Lint, edited by Federico Alpi, Robin Meyer, Irene Tinti, and David Zakarian, with the collaboration of Emilio Bonfiglio (Armenian Texts and Studies 6). Leiden – Boston: Brill, 2022 show Less to hide fulltext, buy and share links for: Book Reviews: Armenia through the Lens of Time. Multidisciplinary Studies in Honour of Theo Maarten van Lint, edited by Federico Alpi, Robin Meyer, Irene Tinti, and David Zakarian, with the collaboration of Emilio Bonfiglio (Armenian Texts and Studies 6). Leiden – Boston: Brill, 2022Authors: Narine Vardanyan and Sarah Ghazaryan
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