Philosophy: Logic
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«Nelli occhi della filosofia». La logica nell’opera di Dante Alighieri
Codificata a partire da una sezione specifica del corpus aristotelico la logica rappresentava nel Medioevo latino quell’"arte delle arti" (ars artium) che studiava le regole del ragionamento corretto e le era riconosciuta una universalità di tipo strumentale. Come notato sin dai primi biografi e commentatori Dante dimostra in svariate occasioni una maestria e una padronanza della materia del tutto degne per dirla col Boccaccio di un «maraviglioso loïco». Giustamente celebri sono i versi di Inferno XXVII in cui «un d’i neri cherubini» con un raffinato ragionamento strappa l’anima di Guido da Montefeltro all’impotente San Francesco («forse / tu non pensavi ch’io loïco fossi!» v. 123); ma è soprattutto nel Convivio nella Monarchia e nella controversa Questio de aqua et terra che l’Alighieri sfoggia una competenza difficilmente riducibile alla consultazione occasionale di qualche ‘manuale’. Questo studio analizza sistematicamente i passaggi dell’opera dantesca riconducibili a questo specifico ambito disciplinare; e offre una panoramica sugli ambienti culturali in cui il Poeta avrebbe verosimilmente potuto formarsi (Firenze Bologna la Toscana occidentale la marca Trevigiana). Da un lato quindi si inserisce nel fortunato filone di studi che si è occupato di valutare la conoscenza che Dante poté avere delle dottrine di Aristotele e dei suoi interpreti. Dall’altro tenta di ricostruire i tempi i luoghi e i modi in cui «peregrino quasi mendicando» poté acquisire tale competenza specialistica. In tal modo non viene solo illuminato un lato inesplorato di questo eccezionale «amatore di sapienza» ma viene anche offerto uno scorcio privilegiato sullo stato delle conoscenze filosofiche in Italia fra XIII e XIV secolo.
Fallacies in the Arabic, Byzantine, Hebrew and Latin Traditions
Fallacy studies are a well established and fast expanding field of argumentation theory. Without notable exception however the evergrowing literature on argumentative failure suffers from a conspicuous lack of interest in medieval fallacy theory - arguably the most creative stage in the whole history of argumentation theories. The standard story is that after Aristotle got off to a tentative start the study of fallacies lay dormant until people at Port Royal and John Locke revived it in spectacular fashion. The volume will show that this picture is both inaccurate and misleading. By working its way from the inside out within each medieval world Fallacies in the Arabic Byzantine Hebrew and Latin Traditions will provide ample and unambiguous record of the exegetical proficiency technical expertise and argumentative savoir-faire typically displayed by medieval authors on issues about flawed arguments which are all too often our own.
Mentale Sätze und das Problem semantischer Antinomien: Die Insolubilia von Pierre d’Ailly
Historische Studie und textkritische Edition
Pierre d’Aillys Insolubilia verfasst um 1372 an der Universität von Paris sind ein wichtiges Zeugnis in der Geschichte der Logik und Philosophie des späten Mittelalters. Sie erfreuten sich bereits eine Generation nach ihrer Entstehung aufgrund ihres klaren Stils großer Beliebtheit bei zeitgenössischen Autoren und stießen noch über das 15. Jahrhundert hinaus auf reges Interesse. Ihr Thema - semantische Antinomien wie die berühmte Antinomie des Lügners - wurde seit dem späten 12. Jahrhundert für mehr als drei Jahrhunderte an den Artes-Fakultäten kontrovers diskutiert eine reich überlieferte Insolubilia-Literatur entstand. Indem Antinomien wie der „Lügner“ mit dem aristotelischen Gesetz vom Widerspruch in Konflikt stehen fordern sie die traditionelle Logik in einem ihrer wichtigsten Prinzipien heraus. Die sophismatische Disputation solcher Non-Standard-Materialien führte so zur Analyse der fundamentalen Begriffe des Satzes der Wahrheit und der Bedeutung. Abhandlungen wie die Insolubilia Pierre d’Aillys geben damit einen Einblick in die zur Zeit des Autors vertretenen Positionen zum Verhältnis von Sprache Geist und Wirklichkeit. Die vorliegende Edition ist die erste moderne textkritische Edition der Insolubilia und basiert auf Grundlage aller Zeugen des Textes. Sie bietet dem heutigen Leser erstmals einen zuverlässigen und authentischen Text des Traktats.
The Origin and Nature of Language and Logic.
Perspectives in Medieval Islamic, Jewish, and Christian Thought
The annual colloquium of the SIEPM in Freiburg Germany was groundbreaking in that it featured a more or less equal number of talks on all three medieval cultures that contributed to the formation of Western philosophical thought: the Islamic Jewish and Christian traditions. Indeed the subject of the colloquium ‘The Origin and Nature of Language and Logic in Medieval Islamic Jewish and Christian Thought’ lent itself to such a cross-cultural approach. In all these traditions partially inspired by ancient Greek philosophy partially by other sources language and thought semantics and logic occupied a central place. As a result the chapters of the present volume effortlessly traverse philosophical religious cultural and linguistic boundaries and thus in many respects open up new perspectives. It should not be surprising if readers delight in chapters of a philosophical tradition outside of their own as much as they do in those in their area of expertise.
Among the topics discussed are the significance of language for logic; the origin of language: inspiration or convention; imposition or coinage; the existence of an original language; the correctness of language; divine discourse; animal language; the meaningfulness of animal sounds; music as communication; the scope of dialectical disputation; the relation between rhetoric and demonstration; the place of logic and rhetoric in theology; the limits of human knowledge; the meaning of categories; the problem of metaphysical entailment; the need to disentangle the metaphysical implications of language; the quantification of predicates; and the significance of linguistic custom for judging logical propositions.
Boethius On Topical Differences
A commentary edited by Fiorella Magnano
This volume contains the first modern commentary to Boethius’s last logical monograph entitled De topicis differentiis his most original work written around 522 A.D. just before the incarceration and death of the Roman philosopher. His textbook aims at providing a method for the discovery of arguments that is an art that teaches how to solve any kind of question through the use of the topics litteraly places of our mind able to produce arguments subsequently developed into argumentations. Boethius inherited this teaching from two different traditions the Greek and Latin. In light of the differences found in them the Roman scholar undertook the writing of the De topicis differentiis precisely in order to show the possible way of reconciling these two philosophical traditions. In this way Boethius was able to disseminate a unified vision of this matter to the Latin world restoring the centrality that the Topics had in the Aristotelian Logic and restoring their noblest function that of being instruments at the service of the search for Truth. Finally he also provided the list of the rhetorical topics by showing the differences with dialectical topics. This study provides a full reconstruction of the structure of the Boethian work retraces and evaluates the sources investigates the implications and explains why the De topicis differentiis remains a foundational work for anyone who wants to understand the development of European Logic through the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.
Formal Approaches and Natural Language in Medieval Logic
Proceedings of the XIXth European Symposium of Medieval Logic and Semantics, Geneva, 12-16 June 2012
The late medieval period is widely acknowledged as one of the most salient moments of the history of logic and semantics. It not only considered logic as a sine qua non condition for scientific knowledge it also begot highly sophisticated theories about both argumentation and language. The last fifty years of increasingly intense research have brought about an ever more detailed knowledge of these theories. And yet the questions as to what kind of logic is medieval logic whether and to what extent it corresponds to our conception of logic and even what the nature of its object was remain challenging. That it has a formal character is widely accepted; and its semantic components display remarkable affinities with contemporary ones. But is it formal in the way modern logic is - or believes it is? Medieval logic does not really make recourse to symbolisms after all and the fact that the idea of formal validity might have been born in the twelfth century does not mean that developing formal approaches was an aim of medieval logicians. And what is its semantics a semantics of? Medieval logicians use Latin to deal with Latin constructions but do these constructions belong to natural language or are they regimented to the point of forming some sort of ideal language?
The twenty-five papers gathered in this volume deal with these issues thus allowing to reassess the broader questions of the formal character and formalising ambitions of medieval logic as well as that of the natural character of the language in (and on) which it operated: in other words they address the question of the nature object and purpose of medieval logic.
Johannes Buridanus: Summulae: De locis dialecticis
De locis dialecticis is the sixth treatise of John Buridan’s Summulae dialecticae a textbook he wrote for his logic course in the Faculty of Arts at the University of Paris. De locis dialecticis immediately builds upon Peter of Spain but Buridan shows his awareness that the doctrine of the loci took its origin in Boethius’ De differentiis topicis and he frequently quotes from that work. Though not introducing any basically new ideas Buridan contributes a large number of precisions to the standard descriptions of the several loci and he shows that the list of the loci and the traditional division of it into three sections is not something given by nature but was established by earlier logicians as they found convenient. Accordingly such things can be changed if something better is found. Buridan has here given us perhaps the most precise and most interesting exposition of the doctrine of the loci in the medieval logical literature.
Ad notitiam ignoti
L’ 'Organon' dans la 'translatio studiorum' à l’époque d’Albert le Grand
Située au milieu du XIIIe siècle la paraphrase d’Albert le Grand à l’Isagogè de Porphyre constitue un point de départ pour le présent volume. Son premier livre un traité indépendant intitulé « Préalable à la logique » fournit un cadre de lecture qui s’étend bien au-delà des sources grécolatines habituelles à l’époque et contribue à la fixation d’un questionnaire nouveau engageant une véritable philosophie de la logique. Il porte sur l’essence de la logique ses fonctions comme logique de la découverte (inventio) et logique de la justification (iudicium) son statut - art science instrument - sa valeur de méthode enseignant comment « passer de l’inconnu au connu » (ad notitiam ignoti) à toute partie de la philosophie de manière immanente comme logica utens ou réflexive comme logica docens. L’étude des diverses traditions de l’Organon en domaines grec syriaque arabe et latin montre que la mise en ordre des matériaux aristotéliciens fixée par l’édition d’Andronicos de Rhodes (Ier s. av. J-C.) a sans cesse été renégociée tandis que le corpus logique a connu divers formats. Ce livre collectif explore les interactions qui s’opèrent entre les différentes définitions de la logique et les métamorphoses successives du corpus aristotélicien dans un cadre ancien et médiéval où l’histoire de la logique est indissociable d’une histoire de l’Organon.
Hervaeus Natalis O.P. De quattuor materiis sive Determinationes contra magistrum Henricum de Gandavo
Vol. II: De esse et essentia. De materia et forma. A Critical Edition from Selected Manuscripts
This second volume of Hervaeus Natalis’s polemical work De quattuor materiis contains his De esse et essentia. In this work the author criticizes the rival systems of the metaphysics of creation that were upheld by Giles of Rome and Henry of Ghent and presents an exposition of his own notion of being. To explain Harvey’s antagonistic attitude to Henry of Ghent and his simultaneous rejection of Giles’s positions (the rigid Aegidian real distinction between essence and existence in particular) it was necessary to provide a thorough investigation of the ontological positions of both Henry and Giles. Hence the lion’s part of the Introduction is devoted to these two rivals of Harvey’s.
The selection of the manuscripts used for the present edition of De esse et essentia as well as the ratio edendi orthography punctuation and headings employed are explained in the General Introduction to volume one De formis (SA 30).
This second volume had been finished by the editor L.M. de Rijk just before his sudden death on July 30. The final version has been read by Joke Spruyt and Olga Weijers.
The third and last volume of the edition of Hervaeus’ work already well advanced by the editor will be finished by two of his main disciples: Henk Braakhuis and Onno Kneepkens. Thus we will have kept our promise in respect and friendship for our master.
Philosophy and Theology in the 'Studia' of the Religious Orders and at Papal and Royal Courts
Acts of the XVth Annual Colloquium of the Société Internationale pour l’Étude de la Philosophie Médiévale, University of Notre Dame, 8-10 October 2008
Most scholars know that the great universities were the institutional setting of Scholastic philosophical and theological activity in the later Middle Ages. Fewer realize however that perhaps far more Scholastic learning in the liberal arts and theology took place in the studia or study-houses of the religious orders which out-numbered the universities and were more widely distributed across Europe. Indeed most members of the mendicant orders received most or all of their learning in the liberal arts and theology in the studia of their order and the most famous members of the orders (e.g. Albert the Great Thomas Aquinas and John Duns Scotus) spent more time teaching in the studia than they did serving as Regent Masters in the university proper. As a consequence the greater part of later medieval Scholastic literature was produced in the institutional context of the studia of the religious orders. Moreover there were other significant institutional loci for Scholastic learning and discourse in the later Middle Ages besides the universities and the study-houses namely the Papal Court—notably the Sacred Palace at Avignon—and several royal courts for example the courts of Robert the Wise in Naples and of the Emperor Lewis IV in Munich. It is not surprising therefore that many of the greatest Scholastic masters at different times taught in or were associated with all of these venues. This volume which originated at the XVth annual Colloquium of the Société Internationale pour l’Étude de la Philosophie Médiévale held at the University of Notre Dame (USA) in October 2008 contains essays concerning the study and teaching of philosophy and theology in the studia of the Dominicans Franciscans Augustinian Hermits Carmelites Benedictines and Cistercians as well as the intellectual activity at the Papal Court in Rome and Avignon and at various royal courts (London Naples Munich).Contributions by: Fabrizio Amerini Luca Bianchi Alain Boureau Stephen F. Brown Amos Corbini William O. Duba Russell L. Friedman Hester G. Gelber Joseph Goering Wouter Goris Guy Guldentops Jacqueline Hamesse Maarten J.F.M. Hoenen Roberto Lambertini Alfonso Maierù Michèle Mulchahey Patrick Nold Adriano Oliva OP Alessandro Palazzo Giorgio Pini Sylvain Piron François-Xavier Putallaz Christopher D. Schabel and Garrett R. Smith Neslihan ?enocak Thomas Sullivan OSB Christian Trottmann with an introduction by Kent Emery Jr. and an epilogue by William J. Courtenay.
Hervaeus Natalis O.P. De quattuor materiis sive Determinationes contra magistrum Henricum de Gandavo
Vol. I: De formis (together with his 'De unitate formae substantialis in eodem supposito'). A critical Edition from Selected Manuscripts
The aim of the present edition of Harvey Nedellec's De quattuor materiis is to make a collection of texts available that can throw some more light upon the ongoing debates around 1300 about some highly controversial issues including the plurality of forms the relationship between being and essence the significance (or superfluity) of the intelligible species and the intellect's priority to the will. Harvey's polemic interventions which are explicitly directed against the ontological positions held by Henry of Ghent are the more interesting as they are coloured by a manifest animosity against his opponent and the Ghentian way of doing philosophy in general. The author's attitude is most prominent in the first tract of the collection presented in the first volume De formis. In order to put the impact of this tract into a larger perspective Harvey's extensive treatise De unitate formae substantialis in eodem supposito has been added.
About the author: L.M. de Rijk (1924) is emeritus professor of Ancient and Medieval Philosophy of Leiden University. He was a member of the Dutch Parliament (Senate 1956-1991) and is a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences (KNAW). He is the author of a large number of publications particularly on Ancient and Medieval philosophy including John Buridan's Lectura Erfordiensis in I-VI Metaphysicam (Brepols 2008).
Johannes Buridanus: Summulae: De syllogismis
De syllogismis is the fifth treatise of John Buridan’s Summulae dialecticae a textbook he wrote for his logic course in the Faculty of Arts at the University of Paris. De syllogismis contains material related to Aristotle’s Analytica Priora and Boethius’s De hypotheticis syllogismis. The textbook discusses inferences involving not only propositions de inesse but also propositions featuring oblique reduplicative and infinite terms. Buridan displays a keen interest in modal inferences and inferences involving propositional attitudes. Buridan’s De syllogismis continues along the lines of his nominalist conception of the relations between mind language and reality.
The Word in Medieval Logic, Theology and Psychology
Acts of the XIIIth International Colloquium of the Société Internationale pour l’Étude de la Philosophie Médiévale, Kyoto, 27 September-1 October 2005
The holding of the 2005 annual colloquium of the SIEPM in Kyoto Japan presented the opportunity to explore the very foundations of communication: the word in all its aspects. Whether mental concepts as Aristotle had claimed were the same for all people whether from the East or the West; how these mental concepts were transformed into words; how words affected the concepts (e.g. in regard to the colour spectrum); how angels communicated with one another and whether any words were appropriate for talking about God; whether words for things arise merely from convention or have an essential relationship to what they describe; what exactly do the words for individuals species and genera describe; why words can have powerful effects; what is the relationship between the inner word and the spoken word. The essays in this volume explore these questions largely from the texts of medieval Western philosophers and theologians from Boethius to Meister Eckhart but some Hebrew and Arabic texts are also taken into consideration. The contexts range from the lively debates in the Parisian schools of the early twelfth century through the subtle arguments of thirteenth and fourteenth century scholars to mystical writings of the fifteenth century. Running as a thread through the essays are the translations and commentaries of Boethius on the Vetus logica of Aristotle and the divine word of the Bible. The combination of contributions of Japanese scholars with both younger and more established scholars from the Western tradition ensures a rich and varied approach to this subject.
Recherches sur Dietrich de Freiberg
Dietrich de Freiberg a peu à peu trouvé sa place dans l’historiographie philosophique du Moyen Âge. Dans l’histoire de sa découverte et de sa promotion sur les devants de la scène scientifique un rôle essentiel revient à Kurt Flasch à qui rend hommage ce volume recueillant les contributions prononcées à l’occasion de son soixante-quinzième anniversaire. Elles tentent un bilan des recherches récentes sur le dominicain allemand et attestent l’appartenance de Dietrich à l’histoire de l’aristotélisme médiéval nullement invalidée par le statut de maître en théologie à Paris (en 1296/7) ni par le fait que le dominicain n’ait pas laissé de commentaire des œuvres du Stagirite.
Les lieux de l'argumentation
Histoire du syllogisme topique d'Aristote à Leibniz
Ce volume retrace l’histoire complexe du raisonnement topique c’est-à-dire à la suite d’Aristote du raisonnement qui part de prémisses probables et non nécessaires mais aussi de toute argumentation gouvernée par ce que la tradition appelle les lieux (topoi puis loci).
Qu’est qu’une argumentation crédible ? Quelles sont les procédures qui peuvent évaluer la cohérence et le bien-fondé d’arguments et qui tout en prétendant être probants et aspirant même à une certaine forme d’universalité ne peuvent pas compter sur des prémisses et sur des dispositifs déductifs nécessaires ? Ces questions ont été agitées depuis l’Antiquité sous une double impulsion : d’une part la conviction que la déduction formelle est le modèle idéal de l’argumentation valide ; de l’autre la reconnaissance du fait que l’application de cette validité est très restreinte exigeant des conditions qui ne peuvent être réunies que très rarement. Ainsi l’exigence s’imposa de penser des modalités d’argumentation crédibles et convaincantes irréductibles à la déduction « analytique » ou formelle mais ne se contentant pas pour autant avoir recours à la manipulation des affects ou à des vagues effets de vraisemblance et pouvant produire certains types de preuve.
La réflexion sur le statut de la preuve dans les argumentations crédibles s’est toujours exercée au sein de la tradition croisée de la logique démonstrative de la dialectique et de la rhétorique. Son enjeu majeur a été de s’interroger sur les présupposés les dispositifs et les critères de validité de ce que l’on peut appeler l’inférence naturelle à savoir la chaîne argumentative que nous élaborons pour soutenir ou pour réfuter une thèse en apportant des preuves sans mobiliser des compétences ou des savoirs spécifiques. Tout un chacun se trouve quotidiennement dans la situation de défendre une thèse ou de la réfuter dans des controverses dont le but est de l’emporter non par la violence mais par l’obtention de l’assentiment motivé de l’adversaire. Notre projet a été donc déterminer les modalités propres à ce type d’argumentation.
L’ouvrage vise à examiner la matrice théorique où ces questions ont été historiquement formulées à savoir la théorie du raisonnement topique. Il examine d’abord la théorie aristotélicienne et plusieurs théories hellénistiques (néo-platonicienne et stoïcienne) les développements originaux du monde arabe et l’œuvre de Cicéron. Ensuite est considérée la séquence qui prend Boèce pour point de départ et l’on suit le devenir de ces problèmes tout au long du Moyen Âge puis de la Renaissance avec une percée jusqu’à Leibniz. Un certain nombre de problèmes précis doivent être suivis : qu’est-ce qu’un « lieu » ? quel est le rapport entre le lieu et la maxime ? quelle est la fonction de la maxime ? comment à partir du lieu et de la maxime sont produits les arguments ? Par là les relations complexes entre théorie du syllogisme en général théorie du syllogisme dialectique ou topique théorie des conséquences doivent être précisées selon les auteurs courants et périodes. Enfin à côté de ces travaux centrés sur les théories logiques médiévales et renaissantes une partie des contributions doit s’interroge sur l’usage des raisonnements topiques dans d’autres disciplines : le droit la théologie et la médecine.
Johannes Buridanus, Quaestiones topicorum
This critical edition is the first edition of John Buridan’s commentary on Aristotle’s Topics. The work is preserved in one complete manuscript of good quality and in four abbreviated versions. Buridan composed the work at the University of Paris in the first half of the fourteenth century and the work illustrates very well how the commentators of this period took a freer attitude to Aristotle than previously and were selective about the passages which they commented upon. In book II Buridan discussed a number of sophisms which are not found in his collection of sophisms. The commentary was quite influential in the fifteenth century particularly on the teaching in the universities of Central and Eastern Europe.
Chanter en polyphonie à Notre-Dame de Paris aux 12e et 13e siècles
La polyphonie chantée au chœur de la cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris à la fin du XIIe siècle a profondément marqué son temps et la virtuosité dont ont fait preuve les chanteurs dans le maniement de leur art l’audace des scribes qui ont consigné l’organum dans une notation mesurée alors totalement inédite et l’intérêt que les intellectuels y ont porté accordent à la polyphonie parisienne une place remarquable dans l’histoire de la musique occidentale.
Cet ouvrage explique comment les chantres de la nouvelle église de Paris ont réussi à exécuter ces majestueuses fresques qui enflammèrent l’imagination des médiévaux par leur étonnante splendeur et qui suscitent toujours autant d’enthousiasme de nos jours.
La musique médiévale entretient d’étroites relations avec les sciences du langage puisant en elles les éléments de son développement technique et reposant sur une mémoire sans cesse exercée. Cette étude concerne l’ars musica dans ses relations avec les arts du trivium et la mémoire et veut ancrer les compositions dans le contexte intellectuel et éducatif qui a permis leur éclosion et leur développement. Elle montre ainsi comment les clercs de Notre-Dame ont utilisé des procédés rhétoriques d’ornementation afin d’élaborer un discours musical complexe et vise à comprendre dans quelles circonstances comment et à quelles fins les chantres ont composé une très haute manifestation de la Parole chantée.
Johannes Buridanus: Summulae: De propositionibus
John Buridan (ca. 1300-1361) was one of the most influential philosophers of his time. During his long career at the Faculty of Arts at the University of Paris he taught many logic courses for which he wrote a textbook entitled Summulae dialecticae. This work consists of nine treatises; the present volume contains the first critical edition of the Preface and the first treatise of the Summulae: De propositionibus. As the bearers of truth and falsity propositions are the primary concern of logic the art that serves as a general tool for reaching truth and avoiding falsity in any field of knowledge whether in contemplative or practical contexts. Most important is Buridan’s commitment to the semantic primacy of mental language and the treatment of written and spoken propositions as conventional signs which designate the primary bearers truth and falsity namely mental propositions. In De propositionibus Buridan develops his nominalist conception of the relations between mind language and reality which he goes on to employ in the subsequent treatises of the Summulae.
Johannes Buridanus: Summulae: De practica sophismatum
The present volume presents a new critical edition of Buridan’s Sophismata based on a collection of six manuscripts and an incunabulum. It forms part of an international project to edit the whole of John Buridan’s Summulae dialecticae the most extensive version of which consists of nine treatises (tractatus). The treatise on sophisms is the ninth treatise of the Summulae dialecticae and deals with most of the major subjects discussed by the fourteenth century logicians (signification supposition appellation truth-conditions insolubles etc.). Although it illustrates how some of the theorems of the preceding treatises may be put to use it can not be considered a systematic practical companion to the preceding collection of theorems. It is nevertheless one of the most important pieces among Buridan’s works.
Logica Morelli
Edited from the manuscripts with an introduction, notes and indices
This volume contains the first critical edition of a Spanish textbook on logic found in the libraries of Sevilla and Zaragoza. It has tentatively been given the title “Logica Morelli” taken from the title found in the Zaragoza copy. The author of this work who perhaps went by the (nick)name “Morellus” is as yet unknown. It seems likely that the work originates from the second half of the fifteenth century. It is structured in accordance with academic practice in Spain of that period and bears a close relationship to Pedro de Castrovol’s Logica.
The handbook is a compilation of the material used for introductory courses on logic comprising the study on terms propositions argumentation universals and categories and obligations. The text neatly testifies to the way in which logic was taught and practiced at Spanish universities during the late Middle Ages and shows us how material from diverse mediaeval authors (including Peter of Spain Ralph Strode and John Buridan) and traditions managed to survive in the curricula of late mediaeval academic programmes. The volume contains a broad introduction as well as extensive indexes of names sources subjects and sophisma-sentences and examples.