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The Controversy over Integralism in Germany, Italy and France during the Pontificate of Pius X (1903-1914)
In the years after 1900 the autonomous activity of the Catholic laity in politics culture and society was opposed by ‘integralists’ in theological circles in the laity as well as in the clergy and last but not least in the Roman Curia. The integralists favoured a strict confessionalism and hierarchical control over all fields of Catholic life. Pope Pius X enforced this position in Italy and in France by solemnly condemning the autonomist Christian Democracy of Romolo Murri and the ‘Sillon’ movement of Marc Sangnier. In Germany however compromises with the Roman authorities were possible on all fields of contention: concerning the interdenominational character of the Christian trade unions the independence of the Centre Party from the hierarchy and also during the controversy over the ‘Catholic belles-lettres’. Finally in the papal encyclical ‘Singulari quadam’ (1912) the interconfessional Christian trade unions were at least ‘tolerated’. The present volume analyses these struggles in a comparative perspective and by evaluating the entire accessible archival documentation it reconstructs for the first time the respective internal decision-making processes of the Roman Curia. The result of this entire research is a profiling of three important European Catholicisms in the controversy over integralism. This conflict had a decisive bearing on the long-term positioning of French German and Italian Catholicism within their respective national societies.
The Mercurio
A Brig of the Regno Italico Sunk During the Battle of Grado (1812)
The Italian brig Mercurio was escorting the French 80-gun vessel Rivoli from Venice on its very first expedition in 1812 when it was sunk by an English ship during the Battle of Grado. Since the wreck was identified the Mercurio has been the site of several underwater excavations beginning in 2001 and continuing from 2004 to 2011 by a team from the Università Ca’ Foscari of Venice together with the local Soprintendenza. Their work revealed a number of extraordinary finds and provided a unique insight into life - and death - on a brig during the period of the Napoleonic wars.
This volume offers a discussion and catalogue of the finds yielded by the Mercurio including photogrammetry-plans of the bow and stern together with an analysis of ship-building technique detail of the equipment and arms used and uniquely close detail of finds connected to the crew themselves. This is one of the few sites from the Mediterranean where human remains have been preserved and through the work of anthropologists it has even been possible to try and identify one of the men named on the crew list. Discovery of buttons footwear precious items and even foodstuffs also serve to shed light on the daily life of the crew. This volume thus draws together a wealth of archaeological and historical information to tell the hitherto untold story of the Mercurio.
Appendices
Appendix A: Conservation of the Waterlogged Wood
Appendix B: The Conservation of the Leather
Appendix C: The Restoration and Conservation of some Metallic Finds
Appendix D: Transcriptions of Documents - Documents from Tracy 2000 502-04; and Archivio di Stato di Venezia