EMISCS13

The world of Byzantine manuscripts is fascinating but also confusing. Although they play an important part in modern studies on the history of Christian liturgy and on the textual history of the Bible, a clear overview of the vast amount of these manuscripts in their many different forms is lacking. A new approach in their cataloguing is called for. The present volume brings together a number of specialists in the field of Byzantine, liturgical and Biblical studies with the aim to develop a new methodology for codicological research of the Byzantine manuscripts, taking seriously the original environment of the integral codices in the monasteries and the churches in which they were manufactured and functioned.

Prof. dr. Klaas Spronk is Head of the Research Department Sources of the Protestant Theological University (PThU), location Amsterdam, and chairman of the CBM Academic Board.

Prof. dr. Gerard Rouwhorst is Professor of Liturgical History at the Tilburg School of Catholic Theology and member of the Department of Biblical Sciences and Church History of that institution. He is member of the CBM Academic Board.

Dr. Stefan Royé is member of the Research Department Sources of the Protestant Theological University (PThU), location Amsterdam, and CBM programme coordinator and secretary of the Academic Board.

This book addresses change and continuity in late antique Eastern Christianity, as perceived through the lens of the categories of institutional religion and personal religion. The interaction between personal devotion and public identity reveals the creative aspects of a vibrant religious culture that altered the experience of Christians on both a spiritual and an institutional level. A close look at the interrelations between the personal and the institutional expressions of religion in this period attests to an ongoing revision of both the patristic literature and the monastic tradition. By approaching the period in terms of ‘revision’, the contributors discuss the mechanism of transformation in Eastern Christianity from a new perspective, discerning social and religious changes while navigating between the dynamics of personal and institutional religion.

Recognizing the creative aspects inherent to the process of ‘revision’, this volume re-examines several aspects of personal and institutional religion, revealing dogmatic, ascetic, liturgical, and historiographical transformations. Attention is paid to the expression of the self, the role of history and memory in the construction of identity, and the modification of the theological discourse in late antique culture. The book also explores several avenues of Jewish-Christian interaction in the institutional and public sphere.

Au regard du modèle que représente l’Encyclopédie des Lumières, envisagée comme un aboutissement et non comme un commencement, plusieurs œuvres antiques et médiévales ont été perçues, au cours des dernières décennies, comme des préfigurations ou des prodromes de ce comble du savoir. Les contributions réunies dans ce volume n’entendent pas imposer le label d’encyclopédie à de nouveaux objets littéraires, ou confirmer celui qu’ont déjà reçu ailleurs des œuvres anciennes, mais réfléchir à la vocation profonde qui sous-tend, travaille et motive certains savants de l’Antiquité au Moyen Âge, construisant un horizon de savoir total et organisé.

L’ambition encyclopédique est dès lors la dynamique commune d’un programme de constitution d’un système du monde, où les sciences sont appelées à se coaliser pour former une culture rationnelle complète. Encyclopédire le monde, c’est engager son discours dans une perspective totalisante, même s’il ne porte que sur des aires partielles. Le défi majeur que porte une telle ambition est donc la synthèse des savoirs ; il lie étroitement trois questions : les enjeux scientifiques d’une visée encyclopédique, les choix de transmission et d’intégration des savoirs, et les principes et mode d’organisation interne des œuvres.

Les auteurs de cet ouvrage se sont interrogés sur des œuvres ou des genres révélateurs de cette ambition, sur les formes et les expressions de ce syndrome ou complexe encyclopédiste, et sur les modalités de cette volonté d’encyclopédire que l’on suppose tenace, archaïque et profonde.

The Ruralia, Volume 9, includes thirty papers dealing with the various aspects of social and economic hierarchy in the rural settlement in medieval Europe mainly from archaeological point of view. The authors from 15 countries provide a broad overview of the current issues, complemented for the most part by extensive bibliographies. Very important are also the high quality figures.

The main topics include the differentiation of rural social and economic structure, refl ected, for example, in the building culture and various aspects of everyday life. The topic of discussion is the hierarchy of power and the many ways it is presented in archaeology. The focus is on the manor houses and manorial farms, as well as the grain mills in rural areas and the impact of mining activity.

The Ruralia, Volume 9, represents one of the current fields of European archaeological research and offers a solid foundation for further comparative studies.

La création au xiiie siècle de l’Empire mongol suscite de fréquents échanges diplomatiques entre puissances orientales, mais aussi entre l’Orient, Byzance et l’Occident. À cette même période, les liens et les tensions qui unissent ou divisent empereurs, rois et princes chrétiens, se manifestent souvent au cours de rencontres personnelles ou par l’envoi de messagers et d’ambassades. Les correspondances des souverains jouent dans ces relations multiformes un rôle essentiel. Elles sont conservées en nombre croissant pour plusieurs territoires occidentaux sous domination chrétienne, alors que les lettres originales des souverains musulmans orientaux demeurent fort rares avant la consolidation de la chancellerie ottomane. Tout en précisant les raisons de ce profond déséquilibre archivistique, les études réunies dans La correspondance entre souverains permettent une première approche comparative des manières de rédiger, de transmettre, de conserver et, le cas échéant, de réutiliser ces lettres. Du Bosphore à Florence, du Yémen à Rome, de l’Égypte mamelouke à la cour des Mongols d’Iran, les lettres des souverains véhiculent des idéologies et, parfois, des prétentions dominatrices contradictoires, elles portent un discours représentatif du pouvoir dont elles émanent. Pièces centrales des échanges diplomatiques, les lettres sont imprégnées de modèles de chancellerie, puis soumises à des processus de transmission qui peuvent s’avérer extrêmement complexes. Certains originaux sont traduits, quelquefois à plusieurs reprises, par des intermédiaires aux compétences linguistiques inégales. Grâce à des analyses croisées menées jusqu’au début du xvie siècle, l’on voit ainsi apparaître les effets de l’intensification des échanges diplomatiques sur l’art et les pratiques épistolaires souveraines.

Denise Aigle (École Pratique des Hautes Études, CNRS UMR « Orient et Méditerranée » Spécialiste de l’Orient musulman médiéval, elle s’intéresse particulièrement aux contacts entre Orient et Occident à l’époque mongole. Elle est l’auteur de nombreux articles et ouvrages. Elle a notamment publié, Le Fārs sous la domination mongole (xiii e-xiv e siècles). Politique et fiscalité, Leuven, 2005 ; Le Bilād al-Šām face aux mondes extérieurs. La perception de l'Autre et la représentation du souverain, D. Aigle (dir.), Beyrouth, 2012.

Stéphane Péquignot (École Pratique de Haute Études) est spécialiste de la diplomatie médiévale et de la Couronne d’Aragon, il a notamment publié Au nom du roi. Pratique diplomatique et pouvoir durant le règne de Jacques II d’Aragon (1291-1327), Madrid, 2009 ; avec S. Andretta, M.-K. Schaub, J.-C Waquet, C. Windler (dir.) Paroles de négociateurs. L'entretien dans la pratique diplomatique da la fin du Moyen Âge à la fin du xix e siècle, Rome, 2010.

This volume deals with the geographical evolution of the coastal areas adjacent to the North Sea, with a focus upon the last two thousand years. Although many articles are reworked in a fundamental way, most of them are the result of a conference which took place in 2010 at Ghent University (Belgium) and which was actually the third in a series of symposiums on the same broad theme. The first took place in 1958, and the second in 1978. Recognized specialists were invited to present their research in a variety of fields relating to the subject. The various disciplines in which the coastal plains are studied too often remain within their own borders, and so we have set out to thoroughly interweave them in the hope that this will spur greater interdisciplinary cooperation. This collection of texts is intended to appeal not just to experts in historical geography, but to historians and scientists working in any field who wish to gain insights into the present ‘state of play’.

Detailed geological research about many areas provided new data and researchers gradually gained a better understanding of the close relationship between the processes of deposition, sea-level change, and land formation taking place across multiple regions. In the same time, historical and archaeological research also evolved. Most significantly, ideas regarding the chronology of human occupation have changed a lot. This scope of the research collected in this volume is important because it has increasingly become evident that land loss and gain were the results of regional factors, including and especially human activities. Moreover, it is now clear that humans devised survival strategies, and thus organized their activities in relation to the environment, on a regional basis, which means that the causes of local changes must have been both natural and socio-historical. It has now become clearer than ever that there is no single chronological scheme capable of explaining the coastal evolution across the entirety of the North Sea area.

Erik Thoen is professor in rural history and environmental history at Ghent University (B) and co-ordinator of the CORN network.

Guus J. Borger is emeritus professor in historical geography at the University of Amsterdam and the VU University Amsterdam (NL).

Adriaan M.J. de Kraker is senior researcher in historical geography at the VU University Amsterdam (NL).

Tim Soens is professor in rural history and environmental history at the University of Antwerp (B).

Dries Tys is professor at the Brussels Free University (VUB) (B).

Lies Vervaet is assistant specialised in rural history at Ghent University (B).

Henk J.T. Weerts is senior researcher paleogeography at the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands.

Depuis une soixantaine d’années, le structuralisme a mis l’alliance au cœur de l’étude de la parenté. S’inspirant de l’anthropologie, les historiens tentent ainsi de dégager les règles qui président à l’échange de femmes entre les familles médiévales. Ils sont cependant conscients de la spécificité du Moyen Âge, où le mariage est fortement influencé par le christianisme, par le droit romain, et plus généralement par des normes écrites et abstraites dépassant le pragmatisme quotidien des chefs lignagers. Il est vrai qu’au sein de l’aristocratie, les pratiques matrimoniales ont longtemps obéi à des logiques patrimoniales. Le douaire, apporté par le mari, ou la dot, cédée par les parents de la mariée, « font » traditionnellement le mariage. Du reste, l’alliance est trop souvent conclue pour entériner une trêve entre deux troupes ennemies, pour faciliter l’ascension d’un guerrier fidèle que son seigneur récompense par la main de sa fille ou pour obtenir un parti prestigieux. Elle participe donc de l’effort d’une parentèle pour prendre et pour conserver le pouvoir. Elle réduit la future épouse, et peut-être aussi son jeune fiancé, au rôle de l’actrice passive des décisions prises par les aînés de la maison. Aussi solide et enraciné qu’il puisse paraître, ce modèle cède, du moins en partie, aux valeurs évangéliques véhiculées par le clergé savant : unicité, indissolubilité, consensualisme, exogamie extrême… Une telle acculturation (ou plutôt « inculturation », adaptation du christianisme à une société donnée) ne se fait pas sans heurts. Il en va de même avec le remplacement des coutumes germaniques par le droit romain renaissant, qui impose la dot au détriment du douaire. Ces mutations n’interviennent pas seulement dans les pratiques des nobles, mais aussi dans leur imaginaire et dans leurs mentalités. Elles sont particulièrement à l’œuvre entre les IX e et XIII e siècles où l’alliance prend à jamais un nouveau visage.

What is an autograph? How is it possible to define it? And how can we distinguish the hand of the writer, scientist, or translator - that is, of the learned person setting down his thoughts - from the hand of a pupil or copyist trained in the same style? Autographs have long been an especially challenging area of research into medieval manuscripts, for the finished product is intimately linked to both the author’s thought and his hand. Many well-known medieval authors had already been accorded scientific representations and became known as a result of these. They were joined by new names, a fact which widens the scope of research in the field of autographs and invites new questions. The XVIIth Colloquium of the Comité International de Paléographie Latine, which was held in Ljubljana between 7th and 10th September, 2010, was dedicated to autographs. In addition to scientific contributions by established paleographers, historians, literary and art historians, there were also inspiring papers by younger researchers. The colloquium was receptive to the presentation of new methods and processes of research into medieval manuscripts in general. These Proceedings of the XVIIth Colloquium contain 37 scientific papers documented with 239 illustrations as well as with further graphic elements.

Although the Middle English texts broadly categorized as ‘devotional literature’ have received considerable scholarly attention in recent years, much work remains to be done on the cultural meanings and textual transformations of vernacular religious writing during the later medieval period and into the sixteenth century. During these years, popular (but still little-studied) late medieval works such as the Pore Caitif circulated in varied forms amid changing circumstances: the expansion of audiences for Middle English texts, the emergence and persecution of Lollardy, attempts at ecclesiastical censorship, the advent of printing, and the Henrician Reformation. How did Middle English religious texts answer changing cultural and practical needs and the requirements of orthodoxy? How did older texts find new readers; how did these readers alter and deploy them? This collection capitalizes on widespread current interest in these questions, gathering original essays that analyse the many forms, meanings, and legacies of Middle English religious writing.

En 1163, débute le chantier de l’actuelle cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris. Construit en un siècle environ, le nouvel édifice devient vite un des monuments les plus fameux de France, symbolisant jusqu’à aujourd’hui l’évêque, l’Église et la ville de Paris. Huit siècles et demi après le début de la construction, un congrès scientifique a réuni du 12 au 15 décembre 2012 des spécialistes d’histoire religieuse, sociale, liturgique, artistique, intellectuelle et institutionnelle. Le livre issu de ce colloque présente un ensemble d'études faisant le point sur l’église cathédrale jusqu’à aujourd’hui et sa fonction médiatrice revendiquée entre Dieu et les hommes : du contrôle sur l’Université aux conférences de Carême, en passant par l’action méconnue du chapitre cathédral, les relations avec la Couronne, le renouvellement du chant sacré, la célébration des grands événements de la nation, l’impact sur l’esthétique néo-gothique.

L’objectif est de mieux comprendre les façons diverses dont Notre-Dame de Paris et les hommes qui prient, travaillent et vivent sous son ombre - évêques, chantres, maîtres, chanoines, chapelains, prédicateurs, hospitaliers, etc. - ont durablement marqué le territoire d’une Cité, la vie d’une capitale et la mémoire d’une nation.

Cédric Giraud, ancien élève de l’École nationale des chartes et agrégé d’histoire, est maître de conférences à l’université de Lorraine et membre junior de l’Institut universitaire de France. Ses recherches portent sur l’histoire culturelle du Moyen Âge central et la philologie médiolatine.

This volume looks at changing identities during the transition from the Roman empire to a political world defined by a different kingdoms and peoples in western Europe. It addresses 'ethnicity' in the context of alternative modes of identification, mainly Christianity and Romanness. To widen the horizon of current debates, it shows that the ancient dichotomy between barbarians and Romans is hardly helpful in understanding the complex transitions to a post-imperial age in the West. In a broad sweep of regional examples, from Spain and North Africa to Dalmatia and the British Isles, the book follows the unfolding of Christian and barbarian identities: How were both the Roman and the barbarian past used for the formation and legitimation of new identities?

The ‘scripts of Romanness’ changed in the early Middle Ages, and so did the significance of othering pagans, heretics, or barbarians. The contributions trace the tenacity and the ambiguity of traditional narratives and signs of distinction: manuscripts and material remains, costume and epigraphy, historiography and hagiography were used in creative ways to shape civic, local, or religious communities. Many of the contributions show the fundamental importance of Christian 'strategies of identification' for creating a stronger political role for ethnicity in the post-Roman kingdoms. As such, they follow a line of argument that has also been explored in the book’s companion volume in this series, Strategies of Identification: Ethnicity and Religion in Early Medieval Europe (CELAMA 13).

The focus of this volume, on Middle English and Latin material in prose and verse, concerns the preaching of the word of God in an expansive sense in late medieval England. This collection of essays explores the multiple ways in which the sermon in England in the later Middle Ages both influenced and was influenced by other devotional and didactic material, both implicitly and explicitly. The essays pay special attention to examples of textual complexity in the sermon as manifested in the manuscript and early printed traditions. By examining sermon technique and methodology contributors present related material that either travels alongside sermons or shares the same preaching or teaching milieu. While analysing sermons and other homiletic material, the essays also explore areas, such as the dating and illustration of incunabula, which have an important bearing on the sermons and devotional literature of the period, but are normally studied in an isolated fashion. These fit in well with the particular emphasis in the collection on the sermon in the early printed period. In addition, attention is paid to some of the ways in which sermon-study was first brought to the fore by late nineteenth-century editors and early twentieth-century commentators. In this way various threads are brought together, new texts and ideas presented, and potential future avenues for research suggested that will continue to be important for an understanding of sermons and related religious literature in late medieval England.

Although historical work on the early Middle Ages relies to an enormous extent on the evidence provided by charters and other such documents, the paradigms within which such documents are interpreted have changed relatively slowly and unevenly. The critical turn, the increasing availability of digital tools and corpora for study, and the acceptance among charter specialists that their discipline can inform a wider field all encourage rethinking. From 2006 to 2011 a series of sessions at the Leeds International Medieval Congress addressed this by applying new critiques and technologies to early medieval diplomatic material from all over Europe. This volume collects some of the best of these papers by new and young scholars and adds related work from another session. The subjects range from reinterpretations of Carolingian or Anglo-Saxon political history, through the production and use of charters by all ranks of society and their subsequent preservation from Spain to Germany and England to Italy, to explorations of new media leading to new kinds of results from such evidence. The result is an array of new perspectives which makes an important contribution to recent reconsiderations of charter studies. It will inform a wide audience from all walks of medieval historical studies.

In this volume two important veins of interdisciplinary research into the medieval period in Scandinavia and the Baltic region are merged, namely the Christianization process and landscape studies. The volume authors approach the common theme of sacrality in landscape from such various viewpoints as archaeology, philology, history of religion, theology, history, classical studies, and art history. A common theme in all articles is a theoretical approach, complemented by illustrative case studies from the Scandinavian, Baltic, or Classical worlds. Aspects of pagan religion, as well as Christianity and the establishment of the early Church, are considered within both geographical setting and social landscape, while the study of maps, place names, and settlement patterns introduces new methodologies and perspectives to expose and define the sacral landscape of these regions. The contributions are put into perspective by a comparison with research into the sacral landscapes of Central Europe and the Classical world.

New interdisciplinary research methods and new models have been developed by the contributors to present new vistas of sacrality in the Scandinavian and the Baltic landscape. To open up these case studies, a selection of over sixty images and maps accompanies this cutting-edge research, allowing the reader to explore sacralization and the Christianization process within its medieval setting.

Rouen, one of the leading cities of medieval Western Europe, has long awaited detailed consideration in English by modern scholars. This book presents exciting new research on the society and culture of medieval Rouen by British and Continental historians. Divided into three sections, addressing space and representation, religious culture, and social networks, the volume is both wide-ranging and tightly focused. The key themes include Rouen’s relationship with its environs, image and identity, social and political relationships, and Rouen’s status as the ‘capital’ of Normandy. The essays discuss topics ranging from urban development and charity, the city’s aristocratic and ecclesiastical elites, the Jewish community, and the relationship of the Angevin kings with Rouen. Comparisons and contextualization, as well as detailed maps, make the book valuable not only to readers interested in Rouen and Normandy, but also to those who wish to learn more about medieval cities, culture, and society.

Empathy is a deep feeling or intuition for kinship transcending self-preoccupied individuality. This book is about empathy in the Middle Ages, before it had a name.The authors begin by tracing the origins of empathy in pre-Christian Antiquity and early Christianity, especially in mysteries of divine justice, by which the good often suffered and the wicked prospered and, as with surgical healing, compassion was manifested by inflicting pain. The authors also explore many facets of empathy’s development in the Latin West, criss-crossing the artificial borders of academic departments to reveal interlocking connections that give emotional power to images, whether verbal, pictorial, or performative. In a powerful multi-disciplinary collaboration, they identify conditions and limits of empathy, and areas in which the dynamic between insiders and outsiders forced subversive explorations of what it meant to be human.

The doctrine of Christ as mediator of divine love dominated medieval thought about empathy as a human instinct. Taken together, like magnetic poles, two pictures in this book represent that mediation in action. The cover illustration, a mid-ninth-century ivory plaque from Carolingian Gaul, depicts Christ, the Divine Word, Love incarnate, glorified, enthroned, and adored by angels as creator, judge, and teacher. The second, Plate 1, from the same period and region, represents the act that sealed the mediation of divine love to humanity: Christ the man, tortured and dying for love.

Medievalists and Renaissance specialists contribute to this compelling volume examining how and why the classics of Greek and Latin culture were taught in various Western European curricula (including in England, Scotland, France,Germany, and Italy) from the tenth to the sixteenth centuries. By analysing some of the commentaries, glosses, and paraphrases of these classics that were deployed in medieval and Renaissance classrooms, and by offering greater insight into premodern pedagogic practice, the chapters here emphasize the ‘pragmatic’ aspects of humanist study. The volume proposes that the classics continued to be studied in the medieval and Renaissance periods not simply for their cultural or ‘ornamental’ value, but also for utilitarian reasons, for ‘life lessons’. Because the volume goes beyond analysing the educational manuals surviving from the premodern period and attempts to elucidate the teaching methodology of the premodern period, it provides a nuanced insight into the formation of the premodern individual. The volume will therefore be of great interest to scholars and students interested in medieval and Renaissance history in general, as well as those interested in the history of educational theory and practice, or in the premodern reception of classical literature.

This book, with roots in a conference held in Iceland in May 2008, contains a series of articles reflecting modern approaches to the text, context, and performance of the Old Norse poem Vǫluspá, perhaps the best known and most discussed of all the Eddic poems. Rather than attempting to cover Eddic or Skaldic poetry as a genre, the main aim of this book is to present an overview of the ‘state of the art’ with regard to one particular Eddic poem. It focuses especially on the poem’s possible context within the apocalyptic tradition of Northern Europe in the early medieval period. The approaches of the articles range from placing the poem within the pre-Christian oral tradition to placing it within the written and liturgical context of Christianity. Two other chapters offer a possible context for the poem by examining the nature and background of the early medieval image of the Apocalypse known to have been on display in the Cathedral of Hólar in northern Iceland. While the approaches are focused on one specific poem, they are nonetheless applicable to many other Eddic works.

This is a collection of pioneering studies by a distinguished transatlantic team of scholars on a neglected yet canonical tradition of medieval English literature. From the fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries and beyond, the remarkable ‘pseudo-Bonaventuran’ tradition, flowing from the Latin Meditationes vitae Christi (and thought, wrongly, to have been composed by St Bonaventure), gave Europe orthodox models for how to represent, know, and follow Jesus Christ. The Meditationes, in a huge variety of Latin and vernacular versions, invite their readers and listeners to imagine themselves present within the Gospel narrative. How to live, what to believe, how to feel, and how to be saved: this eloquent mainstream tradition had an impact on the public and private lives of English people more profound and lasting than any text save the Bible itself. For many, it even did the Bible’s work. The tradition of the Meditationes provides us with a gauge of lived religious sensibility without equal in the English later Middle Ages.

Deriving from the Queen’s Belfast-St Andrews AHRC-funded research project, Geographies of Orthodoxy: Mapping the English Pseudo-Bonaventuran Lives of Christ, c. 1350-1550, this volume questions and revises previous descriptions of the devotional, cultural, and political contexts in which pseudo-Bonaventuran Lives of Christ were produced, circulated, read, and understood. The period spanning the rise and repression of Lollardy, the ostensibly ‘orthodox’ fifeenth century, and the Tudor Reformations will never look quite the same again.

The title of this volume, “Theologica Minora”, may wrongly suggest that the essays contained herein purport an antiquarian interest in some minor theological quibbles within the vast ocean that is Byzantine theological literature. On the contrary, this volume illuminates texts and theological genres which have so far remained unexplored or underinvestigated by the vast majority of scholars. Whilst unlocking the as yet unknown troves of florilegia, religious poetry, and monastic kephalaia, this volume investigates the cultural background of these different endeavors and provides an image of Byzantine theological literature which repudiates the rigid narratives proposed to date.

Antonio Rigo is Professor of Byzantine Philology and Christianity at the University of Venice Ca’ Foscari. His research focuses on religious life in Byzantium, with special emphasis on ascetical and mystical literature, heresiology, and theology during the Paleologan period.

Medieval culture is marked by a general acceptance of the mental attitude which both recognized and accepted the truths of the dominant religion. This is, then, the ‘general paradigm’ that programmatically directs the paths and results of intellectual activity in the Middle Ages. In the various fields of scientific research, in the different epochs and in the manifold social and institutional situations, there are also produced - based on the ‘general paradigm’ - many ‘particular paradigms’, which carry out some specified and graduated effects of the general one.

The idea pursued during the Congress is an attempt to determine, describe and evaluate the general and particular results the ‘paradigm’ had on the maturation of medieval philosophical and scientific thought with regard to the relationship - that was a dynamic and reciprocal one, and was not necessarily reduced to a theological understanding -between rational inquiry and religious belief.

List of Contributors: G. Alliney, M. Bartoli, A. Bisogno, A. Cacciotti, S. Carletto, C. Casagrande, A. Conti, G. d’Onofrio, P.F. De Feo, C. Erismann, G. Fioravanti, F. Fiorentino, A. Galonnier, R. Gatti, J. Gavin, M. Geoffroy, A. Guidi, M. Laffranchi, R. Lambertini, M. Lenzi, E. Mainoldi, C. Martello, C. Mews, A. Morelli, P. Müller, F. Paparella, M. Parodi, G. Perillo, I. Peta, A. Petagine, P. Porro, F. Seller, K. Tachau, Ch. Trottmann, S. Vecchio, M. Vittorini, J. Ziegler