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1882
Volume 37, Issue 1
  • ISSN: 0890-2917
  • E-ISSN: 2031-0242

Abstract

Building upon Anne Middleton’s work on Langland’s audience and public, this essay offers a fresh examination of all pre-1500 manuscripts of . This examination demonstrates that Langland’s poem reached a nationwide audience, with attested readers among the aristocracy, the lay commons, the secular clergy, and the regular clergy. This circulation also represents distribution among both rural and urban readers. This essay also puts such manuscript evidence into dialogue with itself, suggesting that Langland’s poem, by its various appeals to nearly every social group from late medieval England, envisioned the wide readership that its manuscripts achieved.

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2025-12-08

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References

  1. Archival Sources
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  3. ———, C 1/1490/13
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  6. ———, PROB 11/17/607
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  8. ———, STAC 3/7/64
  9. ———, STAC 3/7/104
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  21. ———, MS Dd.3.13
  22. ———, MS Ff.5.35
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  24. ———, MS Ll.4.14
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  31. ———, MS Additional 24203
  32. ———, MS Additional 34779
  33. ———, MS Additional 35157
  34. ———, MS Additional 35287
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  36. ———, MS Cotton Vespasian B.xvi
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  38. ———, MS Harley 2376
  39. ———, MS Harley 3943
  40. ———, MS Harley 3954
  41. ———, MS Harley 6041
  42. ———, MS Lansdowne 398
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  44. ———, MS Sloane 2578
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  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): audience; dialect; illumination; manuscripts; provenance; public; readership; reception; scribe
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