Modern & Contemporary History (1501 to the present)
More specific subjects:
- Early modern European history (1501-1800) : local & regional European history | Early modern history (1501-1800) : auxiliary sciences | Early modern history (1501-1800) : genres & specific topics | Early modern history (1501-1800) : main subdisciplines | Late Modern & Contemporary history (1801 to present ) : local & regional European history | Late Modern & Contemporary history (1801 to present) : auxiliary sciences & methodology | Late Modern & Contemporary history (1801 to present) : genres & specific topics | Late Modern & Contemporary history (1801 to present) : main subdisciplines | Modern & Contemporary history (1501 to present) : non-European history
Stones of Zadar
The Capital of Venetian Dalmatia
The book investigates the transformation of the architectural and visual language in Zadar eastern Adriatic town at the dawn of the early modern era when the mighty mediaeval commune was being transformed by the emerging governmental structures of the Republic of Venice. These events coincided with the Ottoman Empire's takeover of the hinterland of Dalmatian cities transforming Zadar into a city on the brink of two worlds.
A highly autonomous mediaeval commune was a lively trans-Adriatic artistic centre a network of builders painters and sculptors from Dalmatia Venice Marche and Lombardy so with the early adoption of humanist concepts by the local elite this practice continued. However the transformations the governmental structure and economic policies steadily limited its community autonomy and commercial sources. The crisis worsened in the 16th century when the local elites lost a large portion of their revenue from the fertile hinterland captured by the Ottoman Empire.
This launched an ongoing militarisation of social structures and fortifying the town. These events were reflected in the fields of architecture and art. The process of adopting a new architectural and artistic language began in the second half of the 15th century as demonstrated by motifs in architectural decoration and sculpture with impulses from important Dalmatian sculptural and stonemasons’ circles as well as Venetian models from the circles of Pietro Lombardo and Mauro Codussi. When the new classical language of architecture began spreading in the middle of the 16th century it expressed mostly in the renovation of administrative structures with occasional departures from the stylistic canons of artistic centres.
On the steps of the throne
The King’s family and its political and cultural role in the Spanish monarchy (16th-18th centuries)
The aim of this book is to forge a new critical perspective on the Spanish Habsburgs’ family networks by studying the roles performed by princes and princesses of the blood of different ranks and status in the service of the Spanish monarchs. The chapters included draw on a range of case studies in order to rethink the dynastic and political role assigned to the king’s relatives. They also analyse the problematic issues generated by the court ceremonial diplomatic dynastic and governmental duties undertaken by these political actors. In doing so these studies forge a deeper understanding of the conflicts prompted by the administration of the extensive transnational community of Spanish Habsburg interests and allegiances. The innovative and insightful studies included in this volume are drawn from both unpublished doctoral theses as well as ongoing research projects. In this sense it seeks to contribute to the evolving historiographical debate on the role played by a range of agents who have not been studied in depth by historians above all with a focus on the construction of the Spanish Habsburg monarchy in the early modern period. The approach we have adopted has been to prioritize little-known and less-studied agents contexts and periods from the Spanish Habsburg sphere which are nonetheless highly relevant for developing a deeper knowledge of the potential and expectations assigned to the king’s extended family whether legitimate or illegitimate. Furthermore this book addresses the problematic issues and conflicts that were prompted by these political agents in undertaking various diplomatic dynastic and governmental roles.
Painter to the Queen
Michel Sittow, Courtier to Isabella of Castile and the Habsburg Dynasty
Michel Sittow was born in Reval c. 1469 today the Estonian capital city of Tallinn. Possibly trained in the workshop of Hans Memling in Bruges he subsequently moved to work in the Iberian Peninsula where he first held the position of court painter. This monograph undertakes research on this phase of his career. In the Kingdom of Castille Michel Sittow was appointed painter to Queen Isabella and became a member of her household with an impressive annual salary. Thanks to the analysis of archival documents and formal and iconographical studies on Sittow’s paintings it is possible to explain the court painter’s life circumstances and describe the benefits he enjoyed and the difficulties he faced. The Castilian period was crucial for Michel Sittow’s career since over the course of his professional life he also resided at the courts of Philip the Fair Margaret of Austria Christian II of Denmark and Charles V all relatives of his first royal patron. While serving European monarchs he transferred Memling’s techniques and visual language beyond the Low Countries and developed his artistic practice and style. The analysis of the various contexts Michel Sittow worked in sheds light on his oeuvre and his possible privileged status as a courtier which provided opportunities to establish a flourishing and ambitious career in northern and southern Europe.
Forgotten Roots of the Nordic Welfare State in Protestant Cultures
The Nordic welfare state of the 20th century has been hailed around the world as a model of how to build democratic and egalitarian societies. It has often been described as a project of social democracy often following a narrative of secularization and rationalization of society. However some of the most important actors and ideas of the "Scandinavian Sonderweg" had their roots in Protestant often Pietist and revivalist milieus that dreamed of creating an egalitarian community. The present volume explores these often forgotten roots in several case studies of phenomena from the seventeenth to the twenty-first century focusing primarily on questioning the function of aesthetics in the creation of the welfare state model. We argue that aesthetics and what Friedrich Schiller called aesthetic education played an important unifying role for Nordic societies. These aesthetics were shaped by Protestant ideas and practices. Through references to the then widespread circulation of educational texts based on Luther's catechism the later pietistic catechism of Erik Pontoppidan Nordic hymnbooks and practices such as communal singing and preaching in church church coffee reading circles and conventicle meetings a common aesthetic language emerged that unified different social groups and their competing goals and claims. Civic actors and movements learned specific ways to engage in society to develop practices of internalizing responsibility (self)critique and accountability and to communicate and develop a more democratic modern civic sphere. We therefore propose to look at this history from the perspective of a historically changing aesthetic as an integrating principle for understanding the political social cultural economic and many other aspects of the Nordic welfare state.
La révocation des évêques français par Pie VII à l’occasion du concordat de 1801
La décision de Pie VII de révoquer en 1801 plusieurs dizaines d’évêques d’un seul trait de plume est totalement singulière. Jamais un pape n’avait pris une telle mesure et jusqu’à ce jour aucun des successeurs de Pie VII ne l’a réitérée. Il faut dire que le pape a agi dans des conditions très particulières.
Cet ouvrage propose au lecteur de revivre les heures à la fois tragiques et grandioses qui ont mené à cette décision unique. Cette étude captivante s’appuie sur un grand nombre d’archives dont certaines sont publiées ici pour la première fois. Elles redonnent vie aux acteurs de l’époque. Au fil des pages le lecteur sera le témoin privilégié des passions des affrontements de la qualité aussi de ces hommes qui ont forgé le destin de la France religieuse pour leur siècle.
Pie VII en destituant les évêques français a tracé un chemin juridique pour l’utilisation de l’instrument de la révocation redécouvert sous Jean-Paul II et utilisé depuis à une dizaine de reprises par ses successeurs. L’auteur sur le fondement de l’expérience de Pie VII propose de réserver la révocation aux cas où l’évêque sans faute de sa part ne pourrait plus gouverner sans dommage son diocèse. Il suggère également quelques idées pour garantir qu’elle soit un instrument au service de la justice.
Chanter par le Si en France au xvii e siècle
Pionniers et prémisses du solfège moderne
En 1666 la « Methode facile pour apprendre à chanter la musique » (Paris Ballard) est le premier ouvrage imprimé en France à recommander l'utilisation du Si. Cette septième syllabe de solmisation permet de s’affranchir du solfège ancien des hexacordes et des muances. La gamme du Si ou gamme française s'impose comme une nouvelle norme parallèlement à une actualisation du discours sur les échelles musicales prélude à l’énonciation des principes de la tonalité.
Pourtant depuis la fin du XVIe siècle des solmisations heptacordales essaiment ailleurs de l’Italie au Danemark. La France semble à rebours du reste de l’Europe : elle tarde à réagir à ce nouveau modèle et s’avère finalement être le seul pays où le Si est intégré durablement. Quel fut le cheminement de ces idées et pratiques ? Que disent-elles des représentations de l’espace sonore qui coexistent et s’anamorphosent au XVIIe siècle isthme entre Humanisme et Lumières ? Ces questions serpentent dans la littérature depuis que Brossard Montéclair ou Rousseau s’en sont emparés.
L’étude de sources essentiellement manuscrites permet aujourd’hui de préciser les jalons de cette histoire en France de mettre en lumière des pionniers autant que des détracteurs du Si. Leurs témoignages sont issus de l'entourage scientifique de Mersenne des sphères huguenotes et mauristes des chapelles musicales parisiennes et finalement des méthodes destinées aux amateurs. C’est en questionnant ces pionniers leurs écrits et les contextes dans lesquels ils ont évolué que ce pan de l’histoire du solfège est ici mis en perspective et d’une certaine manière humanisé.
The Munich Court Chapel at 500
Tradition, Devotion, Representation
This collection of essays is the first to focus exclusively on the Wittelsbach court of Duke Wilhelm IV of Bavaria (1493–1550). The contributors argue for a deeper understanding of this duke’s reign and acknowledge his crucial role in shaping the religious and cultural identity of the Duchy of Bavaria. By providing insights into the duke’s cultural aspirations the organisation of the court musical sources religious musical practice and everyday working life this book aims to: (1) situate the court of Wilhelm IV in the context of the religious and political upheavals of the early sixteenth century; (2) trace the development of the musical repertoire and personnel of the Bavarian court chapel between 1500 and 1550; and (3) critically assess the degree to which the Munich court could be considered ‘modern’ by re-evaluating the broader cultural religious and musical life of the court around 1520. The volume thus sheds light on the cultural ambitions of a duke who defined music and art as expressions of strategic elements that interwove tradition devotion and representation in a programme of governance based on humanist education—a duke whose foresight enabled the Munich court to quickly become one of the most prestigious and famous seats of power in the Holy Roman Empire.
Notions of Privacy in Early Modern Correspondence
Our modern notions of privacy have their roots in the early modern period. When studying this historical background one of the most important sources is correspondence. Letters sent from one person to another reflect specific situations ideas thoughts emotions and experiences. Contextualizing an epistolary exchange provides information about the world and values of past individuals.
This volume presents essays that deal with a variety of early modern correspondence. The letters analysed written in French Dutch German and English speak to very different contexts and cultural codes. While each of the letters in question has its own unique story to tell all contributions come together by focusing on notions of privacy. From the intimacy that unfolds in educational exchanges to specific letter-writers and their strategic use of the private this volume offers ground-breaking insights that will be relevant to many different researchers and their respective fields: the history of science the history of Christianity the history of travel writing and education gender studies and the history of diplomacy. In addition the contributions also tackle the issue of publishing letters in the early modern period both as a cultural phenomenon and as a material praxis.
Together the essays show how ‘privacy’ was an ambiguous term in the early modern period; the letter as literary genre and a means of communication demonstrates how privacy was perceived both as valuable and as a potential threat.
Pius XII and the Low Countries
The opening of the different Vatican Archives for the pontificate of Pius XII (1939-1958) in March 2020 sparked the interest of scholars across different disciplines worldwide. It invigorated tendencies to revisit the history of the 1940s and 1950s beyond the established narratives and sources and nourished hopes to address both longstanding and emerging questions and to discover innovative themes and approaches. Three years after the opening of these archives a multidisciplinary group of scholars from Belgium and the Netherlands convened at a scientific conference in Rome organized by the editors of this volume to study the impact of the archival access on diverse research domains. This publication presents new research based on documentation unearthed in the Vatican archives spanning both the Second World War and the postwar period and challenges existing scholarship not only on the history of the Catholic Church but also on broader themes in the Low Countries.
La Réforme aux Pays‑Bas,1500-1620
Cette étude générale de la Réforme aux Pays-Bas retrace les développements clés du processus de réforme - à la fois auprès de la population protestante et catholique - pendant le XVIe siècle. Synthétisant cinquante ans de littérature scientifique Christine Kooi se concentre particulièrement sur le contexte politique de l'époque : comment le changement religieux a été procédé au milieu de l'intégration et la désintégration de l'État dynastique des Habsbourg aux Pays-Bas. Une attention particulière est accordée au rôle de la Réforme dans la fomentation et l'alimentation de la révolte contre le régime des Habsbourg à la fin du XVIe siècle ainsi qu'à sa contribution à la formation des deux états successeurs de la région la République néerlandaise et la Pays-Bas du Sud (Belgique). La Réforme aux Pays-Bas 1500-1620 est un outil de travail essentiel pour les universitaires et les étudiants de l'histoire européenne moderne réunissant en un seul volume des recherches spécialisées sur les Pays-Bas.
Produire et publier de la théologie dans le monde catholique
Des Restaurations à Vatican II
Issu d’un colloque organisé en septembre 2020 ce volume part de la nécessité de faire dialoguer histoire de la théologie et histoire des savoirs. Il se concentre plus particulièrement sur les lieux académiques de la production de la théologie sur son rapport à d’autres disciplines et son séquençage en sous-disciplines sur sa circulation dans des espaces plus vastes et sur le rapport aux éditeurs. Les 16 contributions ici rassemblées rompent avec l’écriture classique de l’histoire de la théologie qui est restée à grande distance des questions et des méthodes de l’histoire des savoirs ils rompent également avec la réticence des historiens des savoirs à appréhender l’objet-théologie malgré son importance dans les universités européennes des deux derniers siècles. Ce volume s’inscrit dans un agenda renouvelé d’historicisation des conditions et de la production des savoirs théologiques dans le monde catholique depuis les restaurations européennes du 19e siècle jusqu’à Vatican II.
Nouvelles traductions et réceptions indirectes de la Grèce ancienne. Tome 2 : Traductions de traductions de textes grecs et translatio studii
L’essor des traductions directes du grec au français commence dans les années 1550. Du début du XIVe siècle jusqu’au milieu du XVIe siècle les auteurs-traducteurs en langue française qui représentent la Grèce ancienne n’ont sauf exception aucune connaissance directe des œuvres grecques. Les savoirs sur la Grèce qu’ils transmettent et réinventent sont médiatisés par des filtres divers. Leur réception est indirecte elle prend appui sur des œuvres antérieures textuelles et iconographiques dont les représentations de la Grèce ancienne sont déjà le fruit d’une ou de plusieurs réceptions.Les œuvres latines qu’ils traduisent et adaptentsont pour une part des œuvres antiques et médiévales qui ne sont pas des traductions et pour une part des traductions ou adaptations d’œuvres grecques avec parfois plusieurs transferts linguistiques à partir du grec. Elles sont très diverses : des textes antiques jusqu’aux traductions humanistes latines d’œuvres grecques réalisées en Italie et aux Pays-Bas en passant par des œuvres latines médiévales originales des traductions latines du français et des traductions arabo-latines et arabo-hispano-latines.
Les auteurs-traducteurs en langue française héritent ainsi de réceptions antérieures diverses qu’ils s’approprient et transforment poursuivant le processus d’invention de représentations de la Grèce ancienne. Comme les manuscrits et les imprimés de leurs nouvelles traductions sont souvent très illustrés les artistes offrent dans le même temps des traductions visuelles qui elles aussi s’appuient sur des sources diverses et des réceptions antérieures et donnent à voir de nouvelles images de la Grèce ancienne. La question de la réception de l’Antiquité grecque sera donc explorée par une entrée différente de celle qui a été adoptée jusqu’à présent et qui a consisté en l’étude de la transmission et de la traduction directes des œuvres grecques. Le présent volume se focalise sur les traductions au second degré de textes grecs.
Mémoires des passés antiques
Une élaboration continue (xiv e -xix e siècle)
Alors que depuis plusieurs décennies les recherches sur la mémoire – memory studies – prennent un essor exceptionnel ce volume a pour objet les modalités de l’élaboration de mémoires particulières celles de passés antiques et prend en compte une longue durée allant du xive siècle jusque dans les années 1830. Les deux termes de « mémoire » et d’« élaboration » évoquent un acte de réception et de construction. Les mémoires de l’Antiquité ne sont pas un ensemble de connaissances reçues passivement et non transformées elles sont des représentations consciemment élaborées par des auteurs et des artistes. Étudier le phénomène sur une longue temporalité permet de mieux analyser les constantes qui relèvent sans nul doute d’une anthropologie de la mémoire et aussi les évolutions. Ce volume porte sur des œuvres qui illustrées ou non sont écrites et/ou contiennent un texte. La réflexion qu’il propose s’inscrit en parallèle aux recherches dédiées à la réception de la Grèce ancienne dans la littérature française prémoderne (1320-1550) et le projet ERC Advanced Grant AGRELITA « The Reception of Ancient Greece in Premodern French Literature and Illustrations of Manuscripts and Printed Books (1320-1550) ». Elle ouvre le champ d’analyse à une plus large diachronie et à un plus large corpus.
The Co-production of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
Artefacts, Rituals, Communities, Narratives, Doctrines, Concepts
Judaism Christianity and Islam have always formed re-formed and transformed themselves in conversation. That is these religions have come to exist in all their varieties by interacting with thinking about and imagining each other. In this sense they are co-produced linked by a dynamic and ongoing inter-dependence. The fifteen essays collected in this volume explore moments of such religious coproduction from the second to the twenty-first century from early pilgrimage sites to social media. The case studies range across textual and material cultures showing how a variety of artefacts coins rituals communities narratives theological doctrines and scholarly concepts were all co-produced across the three religious traditions. In so doing they present a panorama of possibilities from the past as well as a taxonomy that can help us think about the future of religious co-production. An introductory essay describes the advantages of approaching the past present and future of these religions through the lens of co-production and reflects on crucial methodological issues related to the understanding of Judaism Christianity and Islam as co-produced religions.
Pacification and Reconciliation in the Spanish Habsburg Worlds
This is the first volume to analyze pacification strategies within the Spanish Monarchy on a global level. It deals with the development and aftermath of the many early modern revolts on the Iberian and Italian Peninsula the Sicilian and Sardinian islands the cities along the North Sea and the Spanish Americas. These comparative studies uncover the different ways in which the Spanish Monarchy dealt with rebellion from cities and constituencies ranging from military responses and repression to offers for negotiation and reconciliation. They also point out common characteristics of these pacification processes such as the promises of pardon the granting of grace and the instruction of peace envoys. The different chapters each accompanied by an edition of sources show how the reconciliation and reincorporation into the Spanish Habsburg orbit proved to be a painstaking process with an unpredictable outcome.
The Writing Tablets of Roman Tongeren (Belgium)
And Associated Wooden Finds
Roman wooden writing tablets known in Latin as tabulae ceratae have been found by archaeologists in various locations around the former capital of the civitas/municipium Tungrorum or Roman Tongeren (now the Belgian city of Tongeren-Borgloon). These rare and delicate finds are remarkable not only due to the excellent state of their preservation but also because they are inscribed with the remnants of texts once etched into an overlying wax layer that can to the discerning eye still be deciphered. The tablets not only provide concrete information about religious judicial and administrative practices but they also enhance our understanding of the complex processes of Romanisation and Latinisation in the northwestern civitates and municipia of the Roman Empire.
Unearthed in the first half of the twentieth century with a second group discovered in 2013 the Roman tablets housed in the Gallo-Roman Museum of Tongeren-Borgloon and in the city’s municipal heritage depository became the object of an in-depth study by an international team of specialists piloted by the Gallo-Roman Museum. It is the results of this project that are presented here in this volume for the first time. The painstaking process of deciphering and interpreting the script marks and text fragments is explored via analysis of palaeography philology and onomastics along with key scientific techniques such as wax analysis wood species identification and script visualisation by Multi-Light Reflectance Imaging. Rich detail is also provided about other associated wooden finds that shed light on how and where the tablets were produced.
The result is a beautifully illustrated and insightful volume that introduces the lost world of Roman Tongeren and its writing tablets to professionals and the general public alike.
The Formation of Agricultural Governance
The Interplay between State and Civil Society in European Agriculture, 1870-1940
This book unravels how the agricultural sector and the rural world in Europe became more and more organised within capitalism in the years 1870-1940 and this with the aim of tackling the important challenges of the time. The focus is not so much on the myriad of individual farmers’ actions but on the collective efforts undertaken through the interplay between the state and the agricultural civil society.
A wide variety of actors from landowners associations farmers’ unions cooperatives scientific institutions and researchers to farmers themselves (or civil society) played a critical role in the process of drafting a policy agenda developing agricultural policies and were instrumental in implementing them in close relationship with the state. The result was a metamorphosis from mobilisation and representation of agrarian interests to a form of self-government or co-government of the agricultural sector at the national level which would only reach its highest point after the Second World War.
These issues are explored by established rural historians covering a period of seven decades (1870-1940). The papers provide a wide geographical perspective from the north of Europe to the Mediterranean.
Supplicant Empires
Searching for the Iberian World in Global History
This volume is a collection of reflections from leading senior and junior historians regarding the merits of historical comparativism in the field of Iberian history. The first purpose of the book is to encourage a dialogue between scholars of the Iberian Empires and to foster a reconsider how they see the broader history of the early modern world in light of recent historiography. The second aim of the book is to prompt scholars of other regions in global history to consider the recent literature on the Iberian Empires anew to move beyond the tropes of the Black Legend and narrative of growth splendour and decline and to study those imbrications had connected disparate parts of the world and which the postcolonial turn has unearthed. In a series of articles and interviews contributors were encouraged to consider the role of linguistic divides in the growth of historiographical strands and to speak plainly about the possible siloes that have emerged in the field. Contributors discuss the Atlantic turn corporate cultures the Catholic adoption of Protestant ideals gender and race all while drawing on insights from scholars who work on early modern nuns the material history of sugar and coffee or those who are exploring the uses of the concept of barbarity in borderlands.