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Stones of Zadar
The Capital of Venetian Dalmatia
The book investigates the transformation of the architectural and visual language in Zadar eastern Adriatic town at the dawn of the early modern era when the mighty mediaeval commune was being transformed by the emerging governmental structures of the Republic of Venice. These events coincided with the Ottoman Empire's takeover of the hinterland of Dalmatian cities transforming Zadar into a city on the brink of two worlds.
A highly autonomous mediaeval commune was a lively trans-Adriatic artistic centre a network of builders painters and sculptors from Dalmatia Venice Marche and Lombardy so with the early adoption of humanist concepts by the local elite this practice continued. However the transformations the governmental structure and economic policies steadily limited its community autonomy and commercial sources. The crisis worsened in the 16th century when the local elites lost a large portion of their revenue from the fertile hinterland captured by the Ottoman Empire.
This launched an ongoing militarisation of social structures and fortifying the town. These events were reflected in the fields of architecture and art. The process of adopting a new architectural and artistic language began in the second half of the 15th century as demonstrated by motifs in architectural decoration and sculpture with impulses from important Dalmatian sculptural and stonemasons’ circles as well as Venetian models from the circles of Pietro Lombardo and Mauro Codussi. When the new classical language of architecture began spreading in the middle of the 16th century it expressed mostly in the renovation of administrative structures with occasional departures from the stylistic canons of artistic centres.
Painter to the Queen
Michel Sittow, Courtier to Isabella of Castile and the Habsburg Dynasty
Michel Sittow was born in Reval c. 1469 today the Estonian capital city of Tallinn. Possibly trained in the workshop of Hans Memling in Bruges he subsequently moved to work in the Iberian Peninsula where he first held the position of court painter. This monograph undertakes research on this phase of his career. In the Kingdom of Castille Michel Sittow was appointed painter to Queen Isabella and became a member of her household with an impressive annual salary. Thanks to the analysis of archival documents and formal and iconographical studies on Sittow’s paintings it is possible to explain the court painter’s life circumstances and describe the benefits he enjoyed and the difficulties he faced. The Castilian period was crucial for Michel Sittow’s career since over the course of his professional life he also resided at the courts of Philip the Fair Margaret of Austria Christian II of Denmark and Charles V all relatives of his first royal patron. While serving European monarchs he transferred Memling’s techniques and visual language beyond the Low Countries and developed his artistic practice and style. The analysis of the various contexts Michel Sittow worked in sheds light on his oeuvre and his possible privileged status as a courtier which provided opportunities to establish a flourishing and ambitious career in northern and southern Europe.
The Munich Court Chapel at 500
Tradition, Devotion, Representation
This collection of essays is the first to focus exclusively on the Wittelsbach court of Duke Wilhelm IV of Bavaria (1493–1550). The contributors argue for a deeper understanding of this duke’s reign and acknowledge his crucial role in shaping the religious and cultural identity of the Duchy of Bavaria. By providing insights into the duke’s cultural aspirations the organisation of the court musical sources religious musical practice and everyday working life this book aims to: (1) situate the court of Wilhelm IV in the context of the religious and political upheavals of the early sixteenth century; (2) trace the development of the musical repertoire and personnel of the Bavarian court chapel between 1500 and 1550; and (3) critically assess the degree to which the Munich court could be considered ‘modern’ by re-evaluating the broader cultural religious and musical life of the court around 1520. The volume thus sheds light on the cultural ambitions of a duke who defined music and art as expressions of strategic elements that interwove tradition devotion and representation in a programme of governance based on humanist education—a duke whose foresight enabled the Munich court to quickly become one of the most prestigious and famous seats of power in the Holy Roman Empire.
A l'aube de la peinture moderne
Vers un nouvel humanisme, de Byzance à l'Italie
Il s’agit de revisiter ici une phase cruciale de l’histoire de la peinture dans une optique bien spécifique. On se démarque en effet d’une vision ayant crédité de manière trop exclusive l’Italie des environs de 1300 d’une « révolution » ouvrant la voie à la modernité. En revenant sur ce qui a préludé à cela dans la Péninsule même et surtout en accordant une égale attention à ce qui a simultanément – ou antérieurement à maints égards – été produit dans le monde byzantin on tend à un radical rééquilibrage de la perspective. C’est alors dans sa véritable dimension que se perçoit l’évolution artistique de l’époque en lien étroit avec un contexte politico-religieux tout à fait particulier : celui d’une installation des Latins à Constantinople et dans plusieurs territoires de l’Empire d’Orient et d’un projet de réunion des obédiences catholique et orthodoxe ; avec dans ce cadre une décisive action des nouveaux Ordres Mendiants vite implantés dans tout le monde méditerranéen et développant une prédication réellement accessible au plus grand nombre étayée – chez les Franciscains au premier chef – par une imagerie traduisant la geste du Christ et des saints sur le mode le plus crédible incorporant précisément les avancées déjà opérées à cette fin dans la zone orientale.
Après un panorama historiographique faisant le point sur les positions plus ou moins anciennes et leur impact jusqu’à nos jours on aborde en premier lieu ce qu’il en a été des conceptions et fonctions dévolues à l’image trop volontiers considérées comme différentes d’un milieu à l’autre. Puis on affronte le champ de l’iconographie en propre avec les accents spécifiques qui y sont portés. Ensuite vient l’examen des divers aspects formels (et des moyens techniques mis en œuvre) ; examen non moins capital puisque ce sont le naturalisme et l’expressivité de la figure ainsi que son insertion dans un espace tridimensionnel qui visent à une communication plus efficace avec le fidèle ; cela par la forte sollicitation de ses sens pour sa profonde imprégnation de ce qui s’offre à sa vue. On peut dans cette démarche reconnaître une authentique humanisation de la foi. Et il s’avérait donc essentiel de souligner que dans cette mutation où l’image s’est trouvée investie d’un rôle majeur la contribution de la chrétienté byzantine a été aussi déterminante que celle de l’Italie.
Séductions du Gothique et Héritage romain antique ?
Maniera greca : Les ambiguïtés d’un concept fondateur
In mente Dei, in gremio Annae. The Source and the Receptacle of Marian Immaculacy in Sixteenth-Century Piacenza
Starting from the notion of Maria ante saecula which implies the Virgin’s presence in God’s mind before the world and humanity the paper will firstly analyse the place of Mary’s soul before and during the Creation. This aspect will be studied through the Allegory of the Immaculate Conception painted by Malosso for the Church of San Francesco in Piacenza. Then it will examine the debate surrounding the controversial transmission of the original stain from Saint Anne to Mary to the point of considering the Virgin’s purification after her birth. These considerations will lead to tackling an ambiguous altarpiece by Pordenone where at first sight the spectator could confuse Saint Anne with the Virgin.
Arbor Anna fructuosa. Apropos of an Image of Saint Anne and the Fruits of Redemption
This essay examines a small anonymous wooden sculpture produced in the eighteenth century in north-eastern Brazil. Of rare iconography the sculpture depicts a Selbdritt in which Saint Anne offers a bowl of apples to the Child while the group is framed by a laden apple tree. The overt emphasis placed on the tree and the offering of fruits encouraged the search for its formal prototypes and their meaning. Thus I present the apples and the apple tree (and other trees and fruits) in Marian and Saint Anne iconography and compare this visual material with an extensive literary corpus that encompasses biblical text Christological-Mariological literature liturgical hymns paraenetics and folk songs highlighting its occurrences in the Lusophone world. Finally after briefly specifying the sociocultural context of eighteenth-century Brazilian artistic production I conclude that the sculpture can be understood as a late repository of the multiple debates that permeated the construction of Mary and Anne characters as a support for what constitutes the very essence of Christianity — and of which the apples and the apple tree are the figurative synthesis: the path of humanity from the fall from grace to redemption.