Brepols

Responding to renewed interest in the powerful early medieval kingdom of Northumbria, this volume uses evidence drawn from archaeology, documentary history, place-names, and artistic works to produce an unashamedly cross-disciplinary body of scholarship that addresses all aspects of Northumbria’s past. Northumbria at its peak stretched from the River Humber to the Scottish highlands and westwards to the Irish Sea, producing saints, kings, and scholars with contacts across Europe, from Scandinavia, Ireland, and Francia to Rome itself. This volume unites papers on all aspects of this major European power of its day, from its origins in the fifth and sixth centuries from British and Anglo-Saxon chiefdoms, through its ‘Golden Age’ as eighth-century Europe’s intellectual powerhouse, to its role as a key element of an international Viking kingdom. Where traditional scholarship has centred on the ecclesiastical high culture of the age of Bede, this work examines the kingdom’s social and economic life and its origins and decline as well. There is a stress on approaching established bodies of material from new perspectives and engaging with wider debates in the field, including monumentality, the development of kingships, and the evolution of the early Church. Areas investigated include the kingdom’s political history, its economy and society, and its wider place within Europe. Its unique artistic legacy, in the form of illuminated manuscripts and a rich sculptural tradition, is also explored.

From the late sixteenth century until around 1800, new ideas and practices of urban planning and the implementation of public buildings, water works and fortifications from the Low Countries were disseminated across Europe and America. Engineers, mathematicians and other scientists in the Low Countries applied methods of design and land surveying that were gradually assimilated and often modified following exchanges within local practice. In some cases, models were projected onto the existing situation. This phenomenon of disseminating and exchanging theoretical models and practical methods between the Low Countries, Europe and its colonies during this period developed into a new Early Modern Urbanism movement within the Western World.

Grid-like plans figured prominently in these processes of dissemination and exchange. In the Low Countries, grid-like structures allowed a comprehensive approach to a multitude of complex problems in urban planning (for example, the connection of canals, streets and fortifications) in parts of existing towns, as well as in city extensions and ex novo cities. Moreover, the experimental approaches in Antwerp and other urban laboratories resulted in new theories on town planning and fortification as well. Given the distinct cultures of the Catholic Spanish Southern Netherlands and the Republican, Dutch Calvinist Northern Netherlands, the Low Countries provide an excellent case for studying the identity of urban forms. Both engaged in enormous expansion overseas, and the simultaneous exchange of practices between the southern and northern parts of the Low Countries lead to the combination of identities. In this new volume in the Architectura Moderna series, various scholars examine the dissemination of practical methods and theoretical models of urban planning from the Northern and Southern Low Countries, in addition to exchanges with local practices in Northern and Central Europe and in the New World.

Piet Lombaerde is professor in history and theory of architecture, urbanism and fortification at the Faculty of Design Sciences of the University College of Antwerp (UA).

Charles van den Heuvel is Head Research of History of Science at the Huygens Institute for the History of the Netherlands of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.

'Earning Dignity: Labour Conditions and Relations during the Century of the Black Death' sheds a direct light on the changing labour market and working relations of medieval Marseille before and after the Black Death. The author's close analysis of hundreds of notarized contracts and legal suits provides an unparalleled comprehensive study of the prime actors in work relations - masters and employees; men, women, and children- integral to the Massilian port economy through its most turbulent period of pestilence, warfare, and tense labour relations after 1348. By establishing the longer trends of pre-plague conditions, the author reveals the predicaments masters found themselves in the new labour shortages after the Black Death, the intensified used of money in work relations, and the broader place of unskilled workers (not least among them, women) in urban, household, agricultural, and maritime trades. The study ends as the calamitous century drew to a close, when changing relations, long-term debt, and demanded dignity of labourers undoubtedly created the basis for longer term trends in work relations in the century to follow.

This book explores the broad scope of political, economic, and social aspects of relations between Central Europe (focused on Poland and the lands of the Czechs) and Ireland. Taking a longitudinal approach, this study charts the interaction between the western and the central-eastern peripheries of Europe from the Middle Ages to the period after the Third Partition of Poland-Lithuania in 1795. The authors examine how the relationship between the geographically opposite ends of Europe evolved. Shaped by the shifts of ‘political tectonic plates’ they argue that the evolution can be described in general terms: from a largely unidirectional to an interconnected chain of events. This book demonstrates similarities and analyses differences in a complex, yet unexplored, past of the three emergent nations; nations which in the public perception were overshadowed by their mighty neighbours for far too long.

Through an innovative and wide-ranging exploration this book examines the reality behind the assumption that the idea of a universal ruler became increasingly irrelevant in late-medieval Europe. Focusing on France in the century before the outbreak of the Hundred Years War, it explores attitudes towards the contemporary institution of the western Empire, its rulers, and its place in the world. Historians have tended to assume that there was little place for a universal Empire and its would-be rulers in late-medieval thought. Pointing to the rapid decline in the fortunes of the Empire after the death of the Emperor Frederick II, the rediscovery of Aristotle’s Politics by western Europeans, and the growing confidence – and burgeoning bureaucracy – of the kings of France and England, it is often argued that the claims to universal domination of men like the Emperor Henry VII, or indeed of popes like Boniface VIII, were becoming increasingly anachronistic, not to say a little ridiculous. Perceptions of the Empire undoubtedly changed in this period. Yet, whether it was in the cloisters of Saint-Denis, the pamphlets of Pierre Dubois, or even the thought of Charles d’Anjou, the first Angevin king of Sicily, this book argues that the Empire and its ruler still had an important, indeed unique, role to play in a properly ordered Christian society.

Chris Jones grew up in the Middle East before reading history at Durham. He now lives in New Zealand where he holds a lectureship in History at the University of Canterbury, Christchurch.

The way and extent to which differences in economic systems and stages of development, and the impact of institutional changes affected the political economy and fiscal systems of regions, or vice versa, is the overall theme of this volume. One major problem is the non-convergence of economic regions, financial networks, political borders and fiscal systems. The question is whether a set of variables is supra-regional, interregional, regional, local or even a mix of all of these. These questions have broad implications for our understanding of urban society and the relations between town and countryside. This volume contains studies about economic, financial and political structures, and developments in different regions of the Low Countries and the Lower Rhine area in a regional comparative perspective during the Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period.

Astronomical tables are a significant yet understudied part of the scientific historical corpus. They circulated among many cultures, and were adopted and transformed by astronomical practitioners for a variety of purposes. The numerical data conveyed in these tables provides rich evidence for pre-modern scientific practices. In the last fifty years, new approaches to the analysis and critical editing of astronomical tables have flourished due to advances in computing power and associated modern mathematical tools. In more recent times, the rapid growth of digital humanities and modern data analysis promises exciting further developments in this area. The present collection of studies on astronomical tables captures this momentum. It is a result of long-term collaborative work on building a database of astronomical tables and other objects found in manuscripts, released under the name DISHAS (Digital Information System for the History of Astral Sciences). The fourteen contributions in this volume provide a broad coverage of astronomical traditions throughout Eurasia and North Africa, which, with very few exceptions, find their roots in the mathematical astronomy of Ptolemy. The contributions include critical editions of previously unexamined astronomical tables along with insightful mathematical analyses, as well as reflective methodological surveys that open up new perspectives for research on these fundamental sources for the history of mathematics and astronomy.

The Itinerarium Egeriae is the travel diary of a late-fourth-century visit to Egypt and Palestine by a Christian woman from Western Europe. As well as stopping at many sites of biblical significance, she spent three years in Jerusalem and recorded in detail its liturgical practices throughout the yearly cycle. This is the first ever edition of the Latin text to be accompanied by an English translation in parallel. The volume includes an introduction, notes, and a substantial bibliography. There are also appendices containing recent fragmentary textual discoveries and the text and translation of the seventh-century letter of the Spanish monk Valerius which first identified the author.

This book presents the teaching of Evagrius of Pontus (345-399) about eight passionate thoughts (logismoi), i.e. gluttony, impurity, avarice (greed), sadness, anger (wrath), acedia, vanity and pride. The study first reconstructs cosmology, eschatology, anthropology and spiritual teaching of the monk of Pontus in order to show the nature, dynamics and ways of combating against the eight passionate thoughts as proposed by Evagrius. His teaching in this regard became the basis for later Christian teaching on the Seven Deadly Sins and an inspiration in the future for some currents of modern psychology.

L'exemplum antique est l'un des héritages les plus importants de l'Antiquité au Moyen Âge. Les anecdotes tirées des œuvres d'historiens latins tels que Tite-Live, Suétone, Valère Maxim et même de traités tels que Sénèque et Cicéron étaient diffusées sous la forme d'un récit bref. Mais l'Antiquité n'a pas transmis au Moyen Âge qu'une collection d'histoires. Ils étaient porteurs d'une idéologie, le mos maiorum, c'est-à-dire une série de vertus qui avaient constitué la base de l'Empire romain et que le Moyen Âge souhaitait appliquer à la chevalerie. Cette forme d'exemplum avait une longue tradition en Espagne. Dès le xii e siècle, des auteurs tels que Pedro Alfonso de Huesca s'en servent. Au xiv e siècle, il a été revalorisé et a commencé à faire partie du discours politique des ‘miroirs des princes’. Mais son moment de diffusion le plus important se situe au xv e siècle, au point que cette période peut être caractérisée comme une aetas valeriana.

En los florilegios se reúnen obras muy diferentes en su planteamiento, género y época formando una obra nueva con un plan y un tratamiento unitario, de manera que los escritores de la literatura latina clásica pueden convivir con los autores cristianos y medievales, contemporáneos en algunos casos al compilador del florilegio. Además, en ellos se realiza una lectura particular de los textos originales y una interpretación acorde con la finalidad buscada por el autor de la selección, perdiéndose características individuales de cada obra seleccionada y los rasgos del género literario en el que se escribieron, al sufrir un proceso de reescritura común.

En este volumen se presentan diversas formas de encuentro de los autores antiguos y medievales ofrecidas en los florilegios latinos, prestando especial atención a los manuscritos conservados en España, unos testimonios que han recibido, salvo raras excepciones, poca atención y que están siendo objeto de estudio de un Grupo de Investigación de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Las conclusiones alcanzadas bien pueden ser de aplicación general, puesto que entre los florilegios conservados en bibliotecas españolas se encuentran testimonios de obras con una amplia tradición, como el Florilegium Gallicum, al que se dedican dos colaboraciones sobre la presencia de Claudiano y de las epístolas literarias de Horacio; además, en otros dos capítulos se analiza la selección de Ovidio y de las Sátiras de Persio y Juvenal en el manuscrito 749-II de la Bibliothèque Municipale de Douai. Otras contribuciones analizan diversas formas de compilación confeccionadas en tierras hispanas.

Las autoras del libro forman el Grupo de Investigación de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid: La literatura latina en extractos: florilegios y antologías de la Edad Media y el Renacimiento. Desde el año 2000 han llevado a cabo cuatro Proyectos de I+D dedicados al estudio de «Los florilegios latinos conservados en España».

María Teresa Callejas, Patricia Cañizares, María Dolores Castro, Felisa del Barrio y María José Muñoz son profesoras del Departamento de Filología Latina de la UCM. Beatriz Fernández de la Cuesta, Montserrat Jiménez, Marta Cruz e Irene Villarroel son colaboradoras de los citados proyectos.

The Hellenistic world, with its many new cultural trends and traditions, has often proved a challenging period for scholars. In the wake of changing political, religious, cultural, economic, and social conceptions and practices, gender roles and notions also underwent significant change, leading to the emergence of strong female figures. Up to now, however, no major encompassing research work on elite Hellenistic women has been published. This volume aims to fill this historiographical gap by gathering together contributions covering a wide range of geographical, chronological, and cultural backgrounds. While mostly focused on royal women, the chapters included here also seek to provide readers with an accurate and diverse description of the female experience in the Hellenistic period. The contributors to this book, both renowned scholars and new voices in the discipline, together advocate for a fresh approach that goes beyond the often problematic approaches of earlier historiography and provides a new understanding of elite women in the period.

The present volume of essays, Emblemata Sacra. The Rhetoric and Hermeneutics of Illustrated Sacred Discourse, follows a conference that took place in January 2005 in Leuven and Louvain-la-Neuve, thanks to the close collaboration between the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Literature Department) and the Université Catholique de Louvain (the research group ‘Figures et formes de la spiritualité dans la littérature et les expressions artistiques’).The 38 essays have been organised in seven sections. The first section (‘Historical and methodological issues’) presents methodological bases for the study of emblematics and spiritual images, as well as the elements necessary for the Christian contextualisation of the corpus. The second section (‘Exegesis of the Scriptures and the Creation’), complementary to the first section, is devoted to exegetical processes developed in different contexts and seeks to emphasise the correspondence between the exegesis of Sacred Scripture and the exegesis of the Creation, which are the two central symbolisms in Christianity. The third section (‘The image in absentia’) focuses on the most critical aspect of the encounter between the Word and the Image, in the form of a paradoxical iconoclastic image, already mentioned in the first section. The fourth section (‘Rhetoric and poetics of the image’) exposes the mutual exchanges between the word of the images and the images of the word. The last three sections all deal with the uses of figures in determined contexts. Thus, the fifth section (‘The image performance’) explores staged, incarnated, and exhibited figures, while the sixth section (‘Circulation of images among different faiths’) gathers studies about different confessional contexts in which spiritual images are used to support and feed the polemics, and the seventh section (‘The efficient image’) opens up the chronology toward the 19th century and then to our own time.

Vom 5. - 5. Juli 1998 fand an der Hochschule für Philosophie in München ein internationales Symposion zum Thema "Jesuitische Emblematik in Bayern: Einfluss und Wirkung" statt, das sich mit der wissenschaftlichen Erforschung der Entstehungs-, Entwicklungs- und Verbreitungsgeschichte des Symbols auseinandersetzte.

Die vorliegende publikation beschränkt sich bewusst nur auf die "bayerischen" Beiträge des Symposions, erweitert durch ergänzende Studien zum Thema Emblematik und Kunst der Jesuiten in Bayern, wie der Vorstellung der Frontispize der Werke des grossen Naturwissenschaftlers Christoph Scheiner, Aspekte zu Georg Stengels Ova paschalia, Betrachtung der Jesuitenkirche Franz Xaver in Luzern oder der neuen Interpretationen eines Kupferstiches der Heiligen Familie vor der St. Michaelskirche München. Vorangestellt ist dem Band ein Abriss über Gründer, Leitmotiv, Signet und Satzungen der Gesellschaft Jesu und das neue Logo des Ordens in Zentral-europa. Einführung in die Thematik Rita Haub und Richard Müller SJ "Jesuiten" Alois Schmid; Templum aulicum. Das Jesuitenkolleg St.Michael zu München als Herrschaftskirche im frühneuzeitlichen Bayern Emblembücher Peter M. Daly; A Survey of Emblematic Publications of the Jesuits of the Upper German Province to the Year 1800 Rita Haub; Bey was erkennet man einen Catholischen Christen? Illustrationen im Bilderkatechismus des Petrus Canisius James Latham SJ; Text and Image in Jeremias Drexel's Orbis Phaëthon G. Richard Dimler SJ; Octiduum S. Francisco Borgiae (1671) : The Munich Jesuits Celebrate the Canonization of Francis Borgia Franz Daxecker; Frontspize in den Werken P. Christoph Scheiners SJ Helmut Zäh; Die Welt im Ei : Georg Stengels Ova paschalia Elisabeth Klecker; Regiae virtutis et felicitatis XII symbola (Dillingen 1636). Panegyrik und Paränese in einem Emblembuch für Ferdinand III Paul Richard Blum; Die Versuchung der Philosophie durch graphische Schemata : Berthold Hauser und die Arbor Porphyriana Angewandte Emblematik Bernhard Paal SJ; Die Heilige Familie vor der St. Michaelskirche in München. Ein theologisches und ikonographisches Programm-Bild Joseph Imorde; Gebaute Emblematik. Die Jesuitenkirche Franz Xaver in Luzern Sabine Mödersheim; Matthäus Rader und das allegorische Programm im Augsburger Rathaussaal. Einfluss und Wirkung jesuitischer Emblematik Alan Young; Protestant Meditation and Two 1647 English Translations of Jeremias Drexel's Zodiacus christianus Paul Begheyn SJ; The Emblem Books of Jeremias Drexel in the Low Countries

Text is one of the most valuable and plentiful sources of information available to scholars interested in medieval emotion. The medieval world may have vanished centuries ago, and its human subjects with it, but a wealth of textual traces remains: sermons, romances, poems, plays, treatises, songs, inscriptions, graffiti, and much more. But how is emotion communicated and shaped by these different textual forms? That is the question at the heart of this collection of essays, which aims to open up our sense of what texts can contribute to the history of emotions by considering the variety of ways that texts can function as vehicles - media - for emotion.

The essays in this volume examine how literary and dramatic texts, chant, manuscript annotations, and material inscriptions mediate emotion - how they bring it about, communicate it, process it, and shape it via forms that act on various senses. Ranging between the eighth and fifteenth centuries and comprising contributions from scholars of musicology, Old English and Old Norse studies, material culture, Middle English literature, drama, and manuscript studies, the essays contained in this volume serve as a window onto the complex relationship between emotions and different textual forms.

Publication issue d'un colloque réalisé en octobre 2017 par l'institut catholique de Toulouse à l’occasion du 5e centenaire de la Réforme protestante.

L’approche est résolument celle de l’histoire des idées religieuses et de l’interdisciplinarité.

Sans négliger l’approche historique, la priorité est donnée à la réception et à l’interprétation de Martin Luther en luthéranisme et dans la théologie catholique contemporaine. Ainsi, cette publication vise à mettre en lumière les conflits d’interprétation, les points de rupture, mais aussi les points d’intersections avec d’autres confessions chrétiennes, principalement le catholicisme et le calvinisme, dans une perspective œcuménique.

Considérer Martin Luther comme point de départ, c’est s’intéresser davantage aux bouleversements auxquels il a conduit et à ses prodromes, qu’à ses origines ou ses inspirations. Il s’agit aussi de comprendre son projet de réforme, ses méthodes de retour aux sources, son emploi de l’histoire, les représentations qu’il produit du monde et de l’homme, des implications sociales et politiques de sa révolution théologique.

Le domaine des narrations composées en français aux XVe et XVIe siècles est massivement marqué par l’usage de la prose. Il s'avère toutefois que quelques romans sentimentaux ont été produits entre 1490 et 1530 sous forme versifiée. Il s’agit le plus souvent de fictions destinées à l’aristocratie, spécialement à la cour, à qui elles proposent soit de redécouvrir le roman breton du XIIe siècle, soit de se familiariser avec l'épopée chevaleresque ou le récit pathético-tragique produits en Italie, soit encore de voir refondus des genres ou des œuvres de différentes provenances pratiquant un dosage varié de la narration, du dialogue et du lyrisme. Un geste auctorial et éditorial aussi surprenant que celui-ci témoigne-t-il d’une aspiration passéiste ou d’une volonté d’innover ? Le style cultive-t-il le raffinement, voire l’artifice, ou tend-il vers la simplicité, voire le naturel ?

Le concept de « style poétique » s'avère productif pour soulever de telles questions. Le présent ouvrage le met à l'épreuve dans six fictions dont on conserve un ou plusieurs témoins. Quelques écrites par des auteurs ou des adaptateurs ne travaillant pas en concertation, elles se singularisent par le choix du vers pour raconter les aventures qui conduisent un couple d'amants à se former ou à se séparer. Elles exploitent de façon convergente cette forme d'écriture dans la conduite du récit, la restitution des voix et l'évocation des émotions. Les deux grandes valeurs qu'elles confèrent au vers renouvellent la narration en français à un moment donné de son histoire en faisant naître un véritable genre, le roman sentimental de type aristocratique.

This volume is devoted to the history of engineers from the 16th to the 20th century. It begins with two general papers, the first one by M. Duffy on the nature of engineering, the other by E. Knob loch on engineers of the Renaissance and their illustrated manuscripts. The other papers deal with the training of engineers, their methods, and role in the international technological transfers as well as the biography of some famous engineers.

Dedicated as a memorial to the great historian of England and the Continent in the eighth century, Wilhelm Levison, this book provides the widest and most in-depth exploration to date of relations between England and the Continent during an equally crucial period, the tenth century. The volume, which comes out of a sustained collaboration between English and Continental universities, contains thematically arranged essays by established leading specialists and also by younger scholars. By building on the approaches used by Levison as well as other methods that have been developed in the decades since his death, these essays tackle a broad range of questions: What routeways and modes of contact linked England with the Continent? How similar were attitudes to rulership and dynastic strategies? How did the law, the working of government, and the organization and culture of the church differ between England and the Continent? How was the past seen and represented on the two sides of the English Channel? In answering these questions, this volume offers news ways of exploring the links and developing the comparison between England and the Continent in the century after the collapse of the Carolingian Empire, a formative period for the development of Europe.

Conques has been an important node, a singularity within many entangled histories from late antiquity to the present. This volume publishes papers expanding on the second conference of the project “Conques in the Global World. Transferring Knowledge: from Material to Immaterial Heritage” (Marie Skłodowska-Curie Research and Innovation Staff Exchange H2020). Held in October 2023 at the Centre européen in Conques, the workshop brought together international experts from a variety of disciplines and geographies, indicating the directions future studies of this site might take and reflecting on its material, literary, and historiographical legacy.

The collected essays in this volume reflect scholarly and artistic fascination with Conques. They question, open, and reopen important dossiers, bringing fresh insights and perspectives on the site’s material, literary, and performative culture. These range from Bernard of Angers’s Miracles of Sainte Foy and the scholarly reception of this text to charged discussions of the architectural sources and models for the abbey-church and its role in regional and interregional dynamics. From the heated architectural history, the essays segue into the other hot topic of Conques: rethinking the elusive Majesty of Sainte Foy. Essays examine its fabrication history, its specific perception during the eleventh and twelfth centuries, and its staging and geographical anchoring. These analyses give way to an essay devoted to Conques’ nineteenth-century reconstruction. The present volume closes with a text devoted to the mediation of medieval literary culture within contemporary contexts. In their disciplinary diversity, this volume unites scholarly traditions, opening new avenues for the study of a medieval site which, through its entangled histories, captivates scholars around the world.

La deuxième moitié du XIIe siècle voit surgir en Occident les prémisses de ce qui deviendra dès le XIVe siècle une véritable controverse, celle de l’Immaculée Conception. Dans l’instant où elle fut conçue, Marie avait-elle contracté le péché originel ? La question, débattue dans des traités scolastiques mais également dans des sermons, a quitté immanquablement la sphère des doctes litterati pour venir toucher les illitterati qui ne comprenaient pas le latin.

Cet ouvrage est le premier dédié à la réception de la controverse dans la littérature allemande. Dans une approche résolument ouverte et pluridisciplinaire, il confronte l’évolution du débat universitaire et de la célébration liturgique avec leurs résonances dans les textes vernaculaires et dans les sources iconographiques. Quelles idées circulent entre litterati et illitterati ? Cette étude s’attache à les reconstruire et tout à la fois, à identifier les acteurs de cette transmission, à discerner les modalités de diffusion du savoir religieux qu’ils privilégient, voire à restituer ce que l’illitteratus pouvait comprendre de la controverse et comment il parvenait à se l’approprier. Réalisée sur le temps long sans renoncer à mettre en relief certains cas exemplaires de la transmission des idées, elle montre l’étonnant accueil réservé par une littérature vernaculaire aux débats savants. L’étendue du culte marial y trouve de nouvelles confirmations, tandis que l’on constate la volonté d’auteurs de catégories socio-culturelles diverses, du professeur au simple laïc, de familiariser les moins doctes avec l’une des questions théologiques les plus complexes qui soient.

Docteur de l’Université de Genève, Réjane Gay-Canton est chargée de recherche au sein du projet européen OPVS (ERC Starting Grant, IRHT, Paris).

« La science de l’éloquence politique est une musique ; la différence avec le chant et la musique instrumentale est une différence de degré et non de nature ». Denys d’Halicarnasse pose ainsi le problème passionnant du rapport entre l’art du discours, c’est-à-dire la rhétorique, et la musique. Cet essai en propose une analyse philologique et anthropologique, prenant comme objet l’un des points de convergence essentiels entre ces deux disciplines : le rythme. Dans quelle mesure la parenté entre le rythme oratoire et le rythme chanté témoigne-t-elle des changements linguistiques et culturels qui ont marqué la latinité de Cicéron à Gui d’Arezzo ? Si le rythme chanté dans l’Antiquité grecque doit observer une mesure musicale pour que la mélodie puisse être dansée, le rythme oratoire en revanche ne saurait respecter strictement une pulsation. Varier et improviser les combinaisons rythmiques sans se soumettre à un cadre fixe, voilà, pour Cicéron, ce qui distingue le rythme oratoire du mètre et du rythme musical. Ces principes trouvent un écho saisissant au Moyen Âge dans le chant chrétien. Bien que le latin ait subi des modifications profondes, les règles rythmiques établies par l’éloquence classique infléchissent indéniablement les techniques de composition du « cantus prosaicus ».