IKON
Volume 15, Issue 1, 2022
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A Wise Enemy: The Seventeenth-Century Ottoman Portrayal of the Polish Commander Stanisław Żołkiewski
show More to view fulltext, buy and share links for:A Wise Enemy: The Seventeenth-Century Ottoman Portrayal of the Polish Commander Stanisław Żołkiewski show Less to hide fulltext, buy and share links for: A Wise Enemy: The Seventeenth-Century Ottoman Portrayal of the Polish Commander Stanisław ŻołkiewskiBy: Özlem YıldızAbstractThis paper focuses on the visual and textual portrayal of the Polish commander and hetman (highest military officer), Stanislaw Żołkiewski (d. 1620), in an early 17th-century Ottoman illustrated history book, the Şehname-i Nadiri. Żołkiewski’s legendary memory was cemented in Polish history with his depictions in painting and literature. Yet, his depiction in a wellknown Ottoman book has largely escaped scholarly attention. The text of the Şehname-i Nadiri describes Żołkiewski as a wise and influential nobleman before it narrates his death on the battlefield by both lamenting the demise of a nobleman and celebrating the Ottoman victory. A painting of the Battle of Cecora in the same volume emphasizes his high rank and hints at the aftermath of his death. These textual and visual portrayals in the Şehname-i Nadiri offer an insight into representations of the Other in Ottoman historical narratives.
AbstractMudri neprijatelj: osmanski prikaz poljskog zapovjednika Stanisława Żołkiewskog iz sedamnaestog stoljeća
Ovaj rad raspravlja o tekstualnom i vizualnom prikazu poljskoga zapovjednika i hetmana (atamana), Stanislawa Żołkiewskog (u. 1620.), u osmanskoj ilustriranoj povijesnoj knjizi iz ranog 17. stoljeća, Şehname-i Nadiri. Sjećanje na Żołkiewskog učvrstilo se u poljskoj povijesti njegovim prikazima u slikarstvu i književnosti. Ipak, njegov lik u poznatoj osmanskoj knjizi uvelike je izbjegao pozornosti znanstvenika. Tekst Şehname-i Nadiri opisuje Żołkiewskog kao mudrog i utjecajnog plemića prije smrti, zatim pripovijeda o njegovoj slavnoj smrti na bojnom polju žaleći zbog smrti plemića i slaveći osmansku pobjedu. Prikaz Bitke kod Cecore u istom djelu naglašava njegov visoki čin i nagovještava posljedice njegove smrti. Ovi tekstualni i vizualni prikazi nude uvid u način prikaza Drugoga u osmanskim povijesnim narativima.
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Political Power and Religious Otherness in the Fascist Era: The Polemic about the Connections between Judaism and Modernist Art and the Instrumental Use of the Nazi Iconography against “Degenerate Art”
show More to view fulltext, buy and share links for:Political Power and Religious Otherness in the Fascist Era: The Polemic about the Connections between Judaism and Modernist Art and the Instrumental Use of the Nazi Iconography against “Degenerate Art” show Less to hide fulltext, buy and share links for: Political Power and Religious Otherness in the Fascist Era: The Polemic about the Connections between Judaism and Modernist Art and the Instrumental Use of the Nazi Iconography against “Degenerate Art”By: Rita LadoganaAbstractThe aim of this research is to examine anti-Semitic themes during the fascist era in relation to the condemnation of Modernism intended as the result of the negative Jewish influence on cultural life. The paper discusses the reconstruction of the instrumental use of the Nazi iconography against degenerate art in journals sponsored by the fascist regime: Il Tevere, Quadrivio, La Difesa della razza. In 1936 the equivalence between modernism in art and “judaization” became explicit and definitive: rationalism, surrealism, abstractionism, metaphysics and magical realism are Jewish creations. One can immediately see the perspective and imitation of what was happening in Nazi Germany at the origin of the anti-Semitic campaign in Interlandi’s periodicals: fascist intransigence seized the opportunity to import the German model, which thus became its touchstone. In the pages of the journals are to be found illustrations taken from Wolfgang Willrich’s tome (Sauberung des Kunsttempels), from Paul Schulze Naumburg’s Kunst und Rasse and from the catalogue for the Entartete Kunst exhibition. These books not only made a theoretical contribution, but they also defined an iconography of the monstrous and degenerate in modern art. The most hardened contributors to Telesio Interlandi’s periodicals drew on this repertoire of images, publishing them exactly as they were found in the books. It is interesting to note how the same monstrosity that the regime had adopted to represent the deformed inferiority of the impure races is found in the expressions of anti-fascist dissidence. In particular, it is found in the representation of the nude as an object of violence, chosen to testify in an iconographic sense to the abuses of despotic power during the tragic years of the war.
AbstractPolitička moć i religijska Drugost u vrijeme fašizma: Rasprava o vezi između judaizma, moderne umjetnosti i nacističke ikonografije protiv tzv. Degenerativne umjetnosti
Cilj ovoga rada je ispitati antisemitske teme u doba fašizma u odnosu na osudu modernizma viđenog kao rezultat negativnog židovskog utjecaja na kulturni život. U radu se govori o rekonstrukciji nacističke ikonografije protiv degenerirane umjetnosti u časopisima koje je sponzorirao fašistički režim: Il Tevere, Quadrivio i La Difesa della razza. Godine 1936. jednakost između modernizma u umjetnosti i „judaizacije” postaje eksplicitna i definitivna: racionalizam, nadrealizam, apstrakcija, metafizika i magični realizam su židovske kreacije. U Interlandijevoj periodici lako se može prepoznati perspektiva i imitacija onoga što se događalo u nacističkoj Njemačkoj u počecima antisemitske kampanje: fašistička nepopustljivost iskoristila je priliku da uveze njemački model, koji je tako postao njegov kamen temeljac. Na stranicama časopisa nalaze se ilustracije preuzete iz djela Wolfganga Willricha (Sauberung des Kunsttempels) i Paula Schulzea Naumburga (Kunst und Rasse) te iz kataloga izložbe Entartete Kunst. Ovi radovi nisu dali samo teorijski doprinos, već su definirali ikonografiju monstruoznog i degeneriranog u modernoj umjetnosti. Najrevniji suradnici u časopisima Telesia Interlandija oslanjali su se na ovaj repertoar slika, objavljujući ih točno onakvima kakve su bile u knjigama. Zanimljivo je primijetiti kako se ista nakaznost koju je režim usvojio da predstavlja deformiranu inferiornost nečistih rasa nalazi u izrazima antifašističkog neslaganja. Osobito u prikazu akta kao predmeta nasilja, odabranog da u ikonografskom smislu svjedoči o zlouporabama despotske vlasti tijekom tragičnih ratnih godina.
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Monumental Management, Landscape Iconography and the “Muslim Other” in Interwar Greece
show More to view fulltext, buy and share links for:Monumental Management, Landscape Iconography and the “Muslim Other” in Interwar Greece show Less to hide fulltext, buy and share links for: Monumental Management, Landscape Iconography and the “Muslim Other” in Interwar GreeceAbstractThis paper focuses on the treatment of historical Islamic buildings in interwar Greece so as to investigate how the notion of Muslim Otherness is (re)produced through practices dealing with monumental management and the iconography of landscape. After the Population Exchange between Greece and Turkey (1924) a preservation initiative for Islamic architecture was launched, yet this clashed with the fact that former Muslim real estate was a financial asset in the implementation of the Exchange. Focusing on the case of Crete, the paper discusses the official and social negotiations that emerged, in this context, over the creation of an otherized heritage. It analyses the means used to re-signify Islamic cultural markers as part of the state’s monumental iconography, but also as historical and mnemonic indicators within changing cityscapes, showing how these means (re)produced a view of Muslims as an historical alterity in the Greek territory. The paper also explores the public effect triggered by such visual prompts, in relation to dominant conceptions of national and local identity. Reflecting on the entanglement between the alterity of the historical marker and that of religious / cultural difference, the paper discusses how discursive constructions of Otherness relate to claims on space and place, elucidating socio-political aspects of the making of the historic landscape.
AbstractUpravljanje spomenicima, ikonografija krajolika i muslimanski Drugi u međuratnoj Grčkoj
Ovaj rad analizira odnos prema povijesnim islamskim građevina u međuratnoj Grčkoj te razmatra kako se pojam muslimanske Drugosti (re)producira kroz prakse koje se bave upravljanjem spomenicima i ikonografijom krajolika. Nakon razmjene stanovništva između Grčke i Turske (1924.) pokrenuta je inicijativa za očuvanje islamske arhitekture. U desetljećima koja su uslijedila, vizualni tragovi povijesne muslimanske dominacije uvelike su uništeni, napušteni ili ostavljeni da propadaju. Međuratni arhivi nude uvid u razdoblje kada su takvi ostaci utjelovljavali živo društveno sjećanje i formalne ideološke imperative. Usredotočujući se na primjer Krete, rad govori o službenim i društvenim pregovorima koji su se vodili oko stvaranja drugačijeg naslijeđa. U radu se također istražuje javno mnijenje izazvano takvim promjenama u okviru dominantnih koncepata nacionalnog i lokalnog identiteta.
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Dall’alterita religiosa alla fraternita universale
show More to view fulltext, buy and share links for:Dall’alterita religiosa alla fraternita universale show Less to hide fulltext, buy and share links for: Dall’alterita religiosa alla fraternita universaleAuthors: Veronika Nela Gašpar and Davor ŠimunecAbstractCon questo contributo si propone di comprendere il valore e il significato della riflessione teologica sull’alterita religiosa nella tradizione cristiana. L’analisi partira dal concilio Vaticano II e dalle sue aperture al dialogo interreligioso. Nella seconda si passera alla presentazione delle nuove piste teologiche del post-concilio. L’insegnamento del concilio Vaticano II come base fondamentale, punto di partenza, luogo che genera domande e nuove prospettive verso una teologia cristiana del pluralismo religioso, orienta anche l’invito che oggi papa Francesco rivolge alla Chiesa e al mondo intero sulla fraternita universale e sull’amicizia sociale.
AbstractFrom Religious Otherness to Universal Fraternity T
his text discusses the values and meaning of theological reflection on religious Otherness in the Christian tradition. The analysis opens with the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965), an event that in many of its documents emphasized the value of interreligious dialogue, mutual understanding and acceptance as well as commitment to the common good. The second chapter examines the new theological approaches of the Post-council. The teaching of the Second Vatican Council makes a fundamental basis, a starting point, a place that generated questions and new perspectives towards a Christian theology of religious pluralism. This was also indicated in the encyclical letter of Pope Francis Frattelli tutti (2020) to which the third chapter is dedicated. In it, the Pope speaks of the universal dimension of brotherly love and its openness to all. The encyclical as a starting point has the awareness of the universal human family since we all are children of one Creator. In this sense, universal brotherhood is not a goal to be achieved, but a starting point. Pope Francis calls for the rise towards brotherhood and social friendship illustrated in the parable of the Good Samaritan in the New Testament, pointing out that the attitude towards religious otherness has been present in the Christian tradition from its very beginning.
AbstractOd religijske Drugosti k univerzalnom bratstvu
U kontekstu teme ovogodišnjeg broja IKON-a Ikonografija i religijska Drugost, ovaj rad donosi teološko promišljanje religijske Drugosti u kršćanskoj tradiciji. Mnogi motivi u ikonografiji ukazuju da su religije ponekad bile, a jesu i danas, razlozi podjela i sukoba među narodima. U suvremenom pluralnom društvu, za kršćansku je tradiciju Drugi vatikanski koncil (1962.-1965.) bio događaj koji je u mnogim svojim dokumentima na poseban način istaknuo vrijednost religijskog dijaloga, uzajamnog razumijevanja i prihvaćanja kao i zajedničkog zalaganja za opće dobro. Nakon uvodnoga dijela o odnosu prema religijskoj Drugosti, u središtu drugoga poglavlja ovoga rada je percepcija Drugosti, koja je otvorila i nove perspektive u teologiji religija. Na to ukazuje i enciklika pape Franje Frattelli tutti (2020.) kojoj je posvećeno treće poglavlje. Papa u njoj progovara o univerzalnoj dimenziji bratske ljubavi i njezinoj otvorenosti svima. Enciklika kao polazište ima svijest o zajedničkoj pripadnosti ljudskoj obitelji svake osobe jer su svi djeca jednog Stvoritelja. U tom smislu, sveopće bratstvo nije cilj koji treba postići, već je polazna točka. Papa Franjo poziva i upućuje na uspon prema bratstvu i socijalnom prijateljstvu oslikanom u prispodobi o milosrdnom Samarijancu, koja se nalazi u novozavjetnim spisima, ukazujući time da je odnos prema religijskoj Drugosti u kršćanskoj tradiciji prisutan od samih početaka.
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Tra l’apofatico e l’epifanico: Riflessioni sull’iconografo e l’artista, dai madonneri cretesi ai mistici russi
show More to view fulltext, buy and share links for:Tra l’apofatico e l’epifanico: Riflessioni sull’iconografo e l’artista, dai madonneri cretesi ai mistici russi show Less to hide fulltext, buy and share links for: Tra l’apofatico e l’epifanico: Riflessioni sull’iconografo e l’artista, dai madonneri cretesi ai mistici russiBy: Maria BergamoAbstractLe riflessioni qui presentate nascono dalla visione del dipinto di Michele Damaskinos Martirio di Santa Parasceve, datato al 1605 e conservato al Museo Kanellopuolos di Atene. Nel mezzo di una rutilante folla di chiara matrice manieristica, si staglia la figura della Santa come perfetta icona. Il suo volto ieratico contro il nimbo bidimensionale crea un’interruzione, e apre uno squarcio metastorico e metafisico: e una “figura dissimile” che, come dice Dionigi l’Areopagita “assai piu di quelle per omogeneita di natura, conducono in alto la mente nostra”, e impone delle domande. Nella prima parte si cerca di contestualizzare il dipinto ponendolo in rapporto con la produzione delle botteghe di “madonneri” di ambito cretese, e con la relativa storiografia artistica. Oggetto di un grande dibattito critico sull’“ibridismo” stilistico, sulla divisione tra maniera “greca” e “latina”, tali opere necessitano di essere guardate in modo diverso, spostando il giudizio dal piano meramente ‘artistico’ verso un’ermeneutica piu complessa, che tenga conto dello statuto ontologico dell’immagine stessa. La forma infatti non prescinde dal contenuto, e questa dialettica tutta interna all’icona e tanto piu interessante quanto consustanziale al carattere radicalmente, antinomico della fede cristiana nell’Incarnazione. Nella parte centrale pertanto, ci si tratterra in un affondo sulla differente dimensione in cui l’immagine sacra cristiana e proiettata fin dalle sue origini: l’iconoclastia, la ricerca di un’ortodossia e la costante riflessione dei padri e dei teologi nascono dall’intrinseco potere teofanico e trasfigurante dell’arte. Questo e il nesso che porta all’interrogazione dell’atto apofatico, di ritrazione, dell’autore e della propria personalita. Il riferimento agli scritti teorici di importanti artisti moderni, e il confronto con la letteratura mistica, permette di comprendere come l’obbedienza a un corpus tradizionale diventi per l’autore una vera investitura, la responsabilita della garanzia del valore epifanico dell’arte in se: si rende invisibile perche l’Invisibile sia visibile. Questo ruolo ambiguo, tra norma e liberta, creazione e sottrazione, interroga anche - e questa sara l’ultima stazione di questo ragionamento - il contemporaneo.
AbstractBetween Apophatic and Epiphanic: Reflections on the Iconographer and the Artist, from Cretan madonneri to Russian Mystics
The reflections presented here refer to the painting Martyrium of Saint Paraskevi by Michail Damaskinos, dated 1605 and kept at the Kanellopuolos Museum in Athens. In the midst of a vibrant crowd created in a clear mannerist matrix, the figure of the saint stands out as a perfect icon. Her hieratic face against the two-dimensional halo creates an interruption, and opens a metahistorical and metaphysical gash: she is a “dissimilar figure” which, as Dionysius the Areopagite says “much more than those for homogeneity of nature, lifts our minds up”, and raises questions. In the first part of the text, an attempt is made to contextualize the painting by placing it in relation to the production of the madonneri workshops on Crete, and producing the relative artistic historiography. As a subject of a great critical debate on stylistic “hybridism”, on the division between ‘Greek’ and ‘Latin’ manner, this work needs to be looked at in a different way, shifting the judgment from the merely ‘artistic’ level towards a more complex hermeneutics, which takes into account the ontological status of the image itself. In fact, the form does not disregard the content, and this dialectic, entirely internal to the icon, is all the more interesting as it is consubstantial with the radically antinomian character of the Christian faith in the Incarnation. In the central part, the text focuses on the different dimensions in which the Christian sacred image is projected from its origins: iconoclasm, the search for orthodoxy and the continuous reflections of the fathers and theologians are born from the intrinsic theophanic and transfiguring power of art. This is the link that leads to the questioning of the apophatic act, of retraction, of the author and of his own personality. The reference to the theoretical writings of important modern artists, and the comparison with mystical literature, enable us to understand how obedience to the traditional corpus becomes for the author a real investiture, the responsibility of guaranteeing the epiphanic value of art: it makes itself invisible so that the Invisible becomes visible. This ambiguous role, between norm and freedom, creation and subtraction, also challenge the contemporaneity which generates the last part of this essay.
AbstractIzmeđu apofatičkog i epifanijskog: nekoliko misli o ikonografu i umjetniku, od kretskih madonera do ruskih mistika
Razmišljanja u ovome tekstu temelje se na analizi slike Mučeništvo Svete Parakseve Mihajla Damaskinosa iz 1605. godine, koja se čuva u Muzeju Kanellopuolos u Ateni. Usred živahne gomile prikazane u manirističkoj matrici, lik svetice ističe se kao savršena ikona. Njezino hijeratsko lice naspram dvodimenzionalne aureole otvara metapovijesnu i metafizičku pukotinu: ona je „različit lik” koji, kako kaže Dionizije Areopagit, „mnogo više od onih homogene prirode, uzdiže naše umove”, te postavlja pitanja. U prvom dijelu teksta pokušava se kontekstualizirati slika postavljajući je u odnos s produkcijom madonerskih radionica na Kreti uz relativnu umjetničku historiografiju. Polazeći od kritičke rasprave o stilskom „hibridizmu”, o podjeli između „grčkog” i „latinskog” načina, ovo djelo treba gledati na drugačiji način, pomičući prosudbu s puke „umjetničke” razine na složeniju hermeneutiku, koja uzima u obzir ontološki status slike. Zapravo, forma ne zanemaruje sadržaj, a ova dijalektika, posve urođena ikoni, utoliko je zanimljivija jer je supstancijalna s radikalno antinomijskim karakterom kršćanske vjere u Utjelovljenje. U središnjem dijelu tekst se usredotočuje na različite dimenzije u kojima se kršćanska sveta slika projicira od svojih početaka: ikonoklazam, potraga za ortodoksijom i stalna promišljanja otaca i teologa rađaju se iz intrinzične teofanijske i preobražavajuće moći umjetnosti. To je poveznica koja vodi u propitivanje apofatičkog čina te autora i njegove vlastite osobnosti. Pozivanje na teorijske spise važnih modernih umjetnika i usporedba s mističnom literaturom omogućuju nam da shvatimo kako odanost tradicionalnom korpusu za autora postaje prava investitura, odgovornost jamčenja epifanijske vrijednosti umjetnosti: ona sama sebe čini nevidljivom, tako da Nevidljivo postaje vidljivo. Ova dvoznačna uloga, između norme i slobode, stvaranja i oduzimanja, također dovodi u pitanje suvremenost, što je tema posljednjeg dijela ovog eseja.
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The Relevance of Iconography to Art-historical Scholarship
show More to view fulltext, buy and share links for:The Relevance of Iconography to Art-historical Scholarship show Less to hide fulltext, buy and share links for: The Relevance of Iconography to Art-historical ScholarshipAbstractThe Lives and Afterlives of Medieval Iconography, P.A. PATTON-H.D. SHLIB (eds.), Signa - Papers of the Index of Medieval Art, Princeton, Princeton University-The Pennsylvania University Press, 2020, 208 pp, ISBN 9780271086217
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The Essentials of Image Studies
show More to view fulltext, buy and share links for:The Essentials of Image Studies show Less to hide fulltext, buy and share links for: The Essentials of Image StudiesAbstractThe Palgrave Handbook of Image Studies, K. PURGAR (ed.), Palgrave Macmillan, 2021, 980 pp, ISBN 978-3-030- 71830-5 (eBook), https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71830-5
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Glimpses into Byzantine Philosophy and Art
show More to view fulltext, buy and share links for:Glimpses into Byzantine Philosophy and Art show Less to hide fulltext, buy and share links for: Glimpses into Byzantine Philosophy and ArtAbstractElena Ene D-Vasilescu, Michelangelo, the Byzantines and Plato, Independent Publishing Network, Oxford, 2021, 116 pp, ISBN 978-180049-879-2
Elena Ene D-Vasilescu, Creation and Time. Byzantine and Modern, Independent Publishing Network, Oxford, 2021, 178 pp, ISBN 978-80049-881-5
Elena Ene D-Vasilescu, Glimpses into Byzantium. Its Philosophy and Arts, Independent Publishing Network, Oxford, 2021, 159 pp, ISBN 978-80049-880-8
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