BOB2023MIOT

Aujourd’hui, l’allaitement est au centre des préoccupations des organismes internationaux, en ce qui concerne les soins destinés aux nouveau-nés et la santé des femmes. Ces questions occupent une place importante dans les débats autour de la maternité et du travail féminin. Mais les pratiques et les représentations de l’allaitement sont traversées par des tensions politiques, économiques et religieuses. Pouvons-nous éclairer les controverses par une mise en perspective historique large de leurs enjeux socio-culturels ? Faire l’histoire de l’allaitement en Europe est une manière de contribuer à une approche globale de la question de la reproduction. Emboîtant le pas aux recherches récentes sur la maternité, les quatre sections de cet ouvrage proposent les résultats d’une vaste enquête collective pluridisciplinaire et ouvrent des pistes pour une réflexion critique sur les enjeux actuels de la parentalité et de la reproduction. Les chapitres de ce volume associent les investigations historiques, anthropologiques et archéologiques à l’histoire de l’art et aux études littéraires. L’ouvrage présente également une riche documentation visuelle et des focus conçus comme outils pour la recherche, la divulgation scientifique et la didactique.

Food determines who we are. We are what we eat, but also how we eat, with whom we eat, where we eat and, in some cases, even why we eat. Food production and consumption in the ancient world can express multiple dimensions of identity and negotiate belonging to, or exclusion from, cultural groups. It can bind through religious praxis, express wealth, manifest cultural identity, reveal differentiation in age or gender, and define status. As a prism through which to investigate the past, its utility is manifold. The chapters gathered together in this ground-breaking book explore the intersections between food, consumption, and ritual within Etruscan society through a purposeful cross-disciplinary approach. It offers a unique and innovative selection of up-to-date analysis from a variety of Etruscan food-related topics. From banqueting, feasting, fish rites, and symbolic consumption to bio-archaeological data, this volume explores a new and exciting field in ancient Italian archaeology.

The Enlightenment has often been used as a fundamental reference point for understanding the evolution of societies. Nevertheless, the broad nature of this term hides great inequalities between different historiographical traditions, with some countries considered to have ‘ownership’ of this intellectual and cultural current, which arose in the eighteenth century, while other lands have been considered at best peripheral, or at worst have been wholly disregarded. This is particularly true of the Ottoman Empire, and of the Balkan states, founded in the first decades of the nineteenth century, which have often been studied only through their relationship with France, Great Britain, and German. This, however, is not sufficient for understanding how these countries entered modernity. The studies gathered in this book seek to question the invention of the National Enlightenment, the history of representations of the European Enlightenment and their variations in Balkan space and time, and the phenomena of acculturation and rejection that can be identified in the histories of these lands in order to offer new insights into the contradictory aspirations of nations that have often been torn between several different models of society.

Pour parler de la foi chrétienne, les Pères ont souvent recouru à des exposés concrets, s’appuyant sur des personnages bibliques. Or, de tous ces modèles bibliques, Jésus est sans conteste le paradigme. Les premiers écrivains chrétiens se sont ainsi attachés à expliquer les épisodes de sa vie pour en dégager des enseignements spirituels, moraux ou doctrinaux, soulevant de la sorte aussi bien des questions d’exégèse que de théologie.

La grande question qui s’est posée dès le début à la communauté chrétienne fut de démontrer que le Jésus de Nazareth de la Bible est bien le « Christ ». Cette question s’est posée de manière complexe et souvent violente au cours des premiers siècles du christianisme.

Partant de la lecture que les Pères ont faite de la figure de Jésus, notamment dans les Évangiles, le présent volume s’interrogera sur l’élaboration progressive, parfois polémique, des différents éléments constitutifs du personnage théologique du Christ. Il s’agira de permettre de mieux saisir la manière dont la figure de Jésus, telle qu’on la trouve dans les Écritures, a été peu à peu comprise et réélaborée dans des lectures théologiques.

Ces réflexions des Pères conservent toute leur portée aujourd’hui, tant les questions soulevées dès les premiers siècles du christianisme continuent d’être actuelles : elles concernent tant les historiens des religions que les théologiens, sans oublier les exégètes et tous ceux qui s’intéressent à la réception du personnage du Christ.

The exemplum held immense power in antiquity, especially in the political field. What role did historical or legendary figures from the Greco-Roman past play during the Empire in speeches intended to build, legitimise or question power? How were they selected? How did they work? These are the questions that the eighteen contributions in this volume seek to answer. This multifaceted approach crosses several literary genres, including poetry, historiography, and political or philosophical discourse, which are examined over six centuries. It considers different types of power or authority (imperial power, but also the authority of the magistrate in the Greek city during Roman domination, and the power of bishops). This highlights the plasticity of exempla that, depending on the context, could justify or question a vast diversity of ideologies and practices of power.

On 25 September 1710, Pope Clement XI finally promulgated the 1704 decree Cum Deus optimus, which condemned the toleration of certain Confucian rituals among Chinese Catholic converts and the use of the Chinese terms tian and Shangdi to refer to the Christian God. This papal decision antagonised the Kangxi Emperor and devastated the Jesuit China mission. Although the Jesuits were prohibited from publicly refuting the decree, the Flemish Jesuit François Noël sought to defend the Jesuit position by publishing his voluminous scholarship on the Chinese classics. Among other works, in 1711 Noël published two seminal contributions to the history of Sinology: the Sinensis imperii libri classici sex or Libri sex, and the Philosophia Sinica, a sophisticated treatment of Chinese metaphysics, ritual, and ethics. While the Libri sex achieved some degree of influence in the Enlightenment through the French translation of the French Jesuit historian Du Halde and the writings of the philosopher Christian Wolff, the Philosophia Sinica was actively suppressed by the Superior-General of the Jesuit order. Yet it is in this latter work where the full breadth of Noël’s originality and intellectual contribution can be found. Noël reinterprets the Jesuits’ position through the lens of Neo-Confucianism, integrating concepts such as li, taiji, yin, and yang in his reading of Chinese philosophy. With contributions from Sinologists and intellectual historians, this book offers the first systematic study of this pioneering work.

The cult of saints is one of the most fascinating religious developments of Late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages. Christians admired martyrs already in the second century, but for a long time they perceived them only as examples to follow and believed they could pray directly to God, whom they addressed as ‘Our Father’. A new attitude toward saints, now considered above all as powerful friends of God and efficient intercessors, started to emerge in the third century. Once this process gained momentum in the Constantinian era, the cult of saints constantly changed and rapidly adapted to new conditions and demands. This evolution highlighted many factors: the popularity of specific saints and the different types of sanctity, the spread of cults and customs, and the ways in which the saints were described, visualised, and represented.

This volume seeks to capture the dynamic of these adaptations, showing both those aspects of cult which evolved quickly and those which remained stable for a long time. It studies the evolution of the cults in a broad period from the third to the seventh centuries and in various regions from Gaul to Georgia, with a particular interest in the two greatest centres of the cult of saints: Rome and Constantinople. In response to changing needs and different circumstances, new generations of believers repeatedly modified the cults of established saints, even as they introduced new saints.

Although much work has been done in the field of Renaissance Studies, at present there is no book which offers a comparative overview of the linguistic interaction between Renaissance Italy and the wider world. The present volume is intended to fill this void, representing the first-ever collection of essays that deal with multiple types of language contact and cross-cultural exchanges in and with respect to Renaissance Italy (1300‒1600). We bring diverse disciplinary perspectives together: literary scholars, historians, and linguists with different regional expertise; we argue for multilingualism and language contact as products of a period of dynamic change which cannot be fully grasped through a single framework. The contributions present a variety of case-studies by often cross-fertilising their approaches with other disciplinary lenses. This book aims to provide a comprehensive picture of a truly global Renaissance Italy where languages, textual traditions, and systems of knowledge from different geographical areas either combined or clashed. It takes a fresh approach to the history of late medieval and early modern Italy by focusing on East/West linguistic and cultural encounters, transmission of ideas and texts, multilingualism in literature (various genres and various forms of multilingualism), translation practices, reception/adaptation of new knowledge, transculturalism and literary exchanges, and the relationship between languages and language varieties.

Ce volume, fruit d’un colloque tenu à Louvain-la-Neuve en mars 2018, est le premier à rassembler des études de chercheurs venu d’horizons historiographiques différents (histoire religieuse, histoire du genre, histoire de l’art, histoire culturelle) pour traiter de l’histoire des masculinités sacerdotales et cléricales du Moyen-Âge à l’époque contemporaine. À l’intersection de l’histoire religieuse et de l’histoire du genre, ces études manifestent l’importance de la prise en compte de l’outil du genre pour l’histoire des clergés, mais mettent ausssi en lumière la manière dont tant les approches historiques que la prise en compte du religieux, interrogent en retour les catégories par lesquelles les études de genre ont interrogé les masculinités contemporaines.

The funerary art that was produced in Roman Palmyra, a caravan city in the Syrian steppe desert, is rightly world-renowned. The frontal depictions of the deceased, featured in torso-length portraits, and the large-scale banqueting scenes are iconic, and lent an added mystique by the absence of any literary sources that might aid in their interpretation. But while from a distance these exquisite portraits might seem rather formulaic, when examining more closely, it is clear that these scenes reveal a surprisingly rich and varied funerary décor. Alongside the more popular iconographic choices are singular scenes, motifs, and elements that deviate from the norm, while new patterns and connections between Palmyra and its surroundings are identifiable.

This volume, which draws on the vast materials gathered under the auspices of the Palmyra Portrait Project directed by Professor Rubina Raja, explores the ‘oddities’ raised by the Palmyrene corpus; it examines one-off scenes or elements, and unusual or unparalleled iconographical choices, and questions how and why such unusual choices should be interpreted. The chapters gathered here not only focus on these visual ‘hapax legomena’ in Palmyra, but also explore the city’s connections with the art of Roman centres to the west, as well as the nearby Hellenistic city states, regional centres of production, and Parthian and Persian sites to the east. Through this approach, the authors engage with the visual richness and sheer amount of choice that existed in Palmyrene funerary art, while also providing unique insights into the knowledge culture that existed within Palmyrene society.

Claude Langlois est l’auteur d’une œuvre considérable par son ampleur, sa diversité et son inventivité, qui fait sans nul doute de lui l’un des très grands historiens de sa génération. Il fut directeur d’études à l’EPHE de 1993 à 2005, président de la section des sciences religieuses entre 1995 et 2002, co-fondateur avec Régis Debray, en 2002, de l’IESR, dont il fut le directeur de 2002 à 2005. Il n’a cessé - du Catholicisme au féminin (1984) à la suite sur Thérèse de Lisieux, en passant par L’Encyclopédie théologique de Migne (1992), Le crime d’Onan (2005) et nombre de ses articles - de questionner le statut de l’histoire religieuse au regard d’une histoire sociale, d’une histoire culturelle, d’une histoire du genre ; il a fait de la production du discours théologique un observatoire aigu du changement religieux.

Où en est aujourd’hui le débat sur les manières d’historiciser la théologie ? Quel parti tirer des voies pionnières ouvertes par Claude Langlois ? Les auteurs de ce volume - historiens, sociologues, théologiens et spécialistes de littérature - explorent ces questions et donnent à voir, à travers la pluralité de leurs contributions, un paysage de recherche nourri d’intelligence complice.

Cet ouvrage est le témoignage de leur reconnaissance envers un historien et un professeur qui n’a cessé d’ouvrir des chantiers nouveaux et d’arpenter des terrains en friche, livrant sa propre recherche aux surprises de l’archive et à ses détours imprévus, sans jamais renoncer au dialogue avec celles et ceux pour lesquels son œuvre continue d’être une précieuse source de réflexion.

This book questions the place of Armenian visual and material culture in the period known as Late Antiquity, at a time when Armenia is usually presented as an in-between space defined by surrounding external entities: the Roman and the Persian, and later Arab world. The volume includes articles that confront this notion both from the perspective of art history, architecture, and archaeology, and from a historiographical point of view, which examines the reception of Armenian arts by scholars from Italy, Russia, and France. The articles in this richly illustrated volume aim to reposition Armenia as one of the forces of artistic creation and mediation to be reckoned with within the Mediterranean and Eurasian space of Late Antiquity. This project draws on the papers presented at the conference “Re-Constructing Late Antique Armenia (2nd–8th Centuries CE). Historiography, Material Culture, Immaterial Heritage” that took place in February 2022 at the Center for Early Medieval Studies in Brno, Czech Republic.

This book collates 100 exhibits with accompanying essays as an imaginary museum dedicated to the musical cultures of Renaissance Europe, at home and in its global horizons. It is a history through artefacts-materials, tools, instruments, art objects, images, texts, and spaces-and their witness to the priorities and activities of people in the past as they addressed their world through music. The result is a history by collage, revealing overlapping musical practices and meanings-not only those of the elite, but reflecting the everyday cacophony of a diverse culture and its musics. Through the lens of its exhibits, this museum surveys music’s central role in culture and lived experience in fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Europe, offering interest and insights well beyond the strictly musicological field.

Ancient commentaries on poetry - due to their heteronomous nature, their miscellaneous character, and the fact that most of them are transmitted in abridged and anonymous form - are usually not considered ‘authorial’ texts in the same way as poems or literary prose are. On the other hand, as didactic texts, they rely on authority to convey their interpretation, and they also often seem to have been perceived as products of authorial activity, as paratexts, references and pseudepigraphic attributions demonstrate.

The aim of this volume is to explore this tension and to examine commentaries and scholia on poetry in terms of authorship and ‘authoriality’. The contributions use several Latin and Greek corpora as case studies to shed light on how these texts were read, how they display authorial activity themselves, and how they fulfil their function as didactic works. They provide reflections on the relationship of author, authorship, and authority in ‘authorless’ traditions, explore how authorial figures and authorial viewpoints emerge in an implicit manner in spite of the stratified nature of commentaries, investigate the authorial roles adopted by commentators, compilers and scribes, and elucidate how commentators came to be perceived as authors in other exegetic traditions.

This book explores the aesthetic consequences of Protestantism in Scandinavia. Fourteen case studies from the sixteenth to the twenty-first century discuss five abstract and trans-historical principles that characterize Scandinavian aesthetics and that arguably derive from Protestant thinking and practice, namely: simplicity, logocentrism, tension between pronounced individualism and collectivism, relatedness to the world, and ethics. The contributions address the peculiar aesthetics of Scandinavian print, literature, architecture, film, and opera and reflect on the influence of Protestant traditions on the establishment of genres and writing practices. This volume is the first in a new series that will focus on the aesthetics of Protestantism in Scandinavia, both theoretically and through exemplary individual analyses.

This volume analyses how and why members of scholarly societies such as the Royal Society, the Society of Antiquaries of London, and the Leopoldina collected specimens of the natural world, art, and archaeology in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. These scholarly societies, founded before knowledge became subspecialised, had many common members. We focus upon how their exploration of natural philosophy, antiquarianism, and medicine were reflected in collecting practice, the organisation of specimens and how knowledge was classified and disseminated. The overall shift from curiosity cabinets with objects playfully crossing the domains of art and nature, to their well-ordered Enlightenment museums is well known. Collective Wisdom analyses the process through which this transformation occurred, and the role of members of these academies in developing new techniques of classifying and organising objects and new uses of these objects for experimental and pedagogical purposes.

Ancient philosophy is known for its organisation into distinct schools. But those schools were not locked into static dogmatism. As recent scholarship has shown, lively debate persisted between and within traditions. Yet the interplay between tradition and disagreement remains underexplored. This volume asks, first, how philosophers talked about differences of opinion within and between traditions and, second, how such debates affected the traditions involved. It covers the period from the first century BCE, which witnessed a turn to authoritative texts in different philosophical movements, through the rise of Christianity, to the golden age of Neoplatonic commentaries in the fifth and sixth centuries CE.

By studying various philosophical and Christian traditions alongside and in interaction with each other, this volume reveals common philosophical strategies of identification and differentiation. Ancient authors construct their own traditions in their (polemical) engagements with dissenters and opponents. Yet this very process of dissociation helped establish a common conceptual ground between traditions. This volume will be an important resource for specialists in late ancient philosophy, early Christianity, and the history of ideas.

The closure of religious houses, in varying circumstances, affected all of Europe at some point between the sixteenth and nineteenth century. At different times and in different countries the consequences were widely varied, in some cases preserving medieval and early modern collections intact, in others abandoning books to their fate, or transferring them piecemeal into new ownership to serve different cultural purposes. Integral preservation or dispersal may each be viewed in positive or negative terms. For religious and political history there are many, and bigger, factors involved, and the effects of secularization worked on many things beside libraries and books. None the less, by focusing on books and libraries through these changes a particular narrative emerges of great cultural importance. It is the most important book-historical story for the survival and accessibility of Europe's heritage of the written word, one that interacts with major historical themes and still connects with future issues for the continuing role of books and libraries in the European heritage.

A conference held in Oxford in 2012 brought together thirty experts in different aspects of this process or with knowledge of its impact in different countries and at different periods. The result was to bring together and share for the first time the similar and different experiences of different European countries, from Portugal and Spain in the west to Poland and Ukraine in the east, from Finland and Sweden in the north to Naples in the south, with ramifications stretching to North and South America. While reading this volume of collected essays, the reader may notice a disparity in the evidence that each author has been able to bring to bear upon their subject. Provenance research is well advanced in some territories, less so in others. In the decade since the conference and this publication, there have been some attempts to bridge certain gaps. But in general, there has been little new work in the years since the conference took place. The editors anticipate that this publication will stimulate further research, bridging some of the gaps visible in the evidence presented in this volume. Multiple avenues for further investigation open up, indeed, in historical and cultural studies, such as the impact of the secularization on nonreligious libraries, and the change in attitude with respect to certain disciplines and even to erudition itself.

Les fouilles franco-yougoslaves dirigées conjointement par Noël Duval (1929-2018) et Vladislav Popovic (1930-1999), d’abord à Sirmium de 1973 à 1978, puis à Caricin Grad de 1978 à 1991, demeurent encore aujourd’hui un modèle de collaboration archéologique internationale. Du fait de leur impressionnant bilan, les deux missions participèrent pleinement à la mise en valeur du patrimoine romain sur le territoire de l’actuelle Serbie, de même qu’à la démonstration de l’intérêt de la période que l’on qualifie aujourd’hui d’Antiquité tardive. Dédié à la mémoire des deux grandes figures susmentionnées, le présent ouvrage unit les découvertes restées inédites de l’exploration franco-yougoslave de la basilique Saint-Irénée de Sirmium, menée entre 1976 et 1977, avec celles faites plus récemment, soit en 2002 et en 2016, à l’occasion des travaux conduits sur le site de la nécropole environnante de cette église paléochrétienne, par l’équipe de l’Institut archéologique de Belgrade. Les résultats obtenus par de véritables « pères fondateurs » se retrouvent donc ici associés à ceux de générations qui ont été formées dans la suite directe des importantes avancées scientiques, non seulement en termes de données, mais aussi de méthodologie, dont ils furent à l’origine.

The relationship of Orthodox Christianity to the modern sciences has received scant attention in the last fifty years. While important contributions have been made in history, theology and philosophy, there have been very few attempts to highlight the importance and fruitfulness of the field for an international audience. This volume brings together contributions from scholars of different disciplines to discuss the past, present and future of the relations between Orthodox Christianity and the sciences. The topics covered range from theological discussions of miracles to the importance of seminary work on science and religion and from a practitioner’s view of addressing medical suffering to a historical discussion of the Scientific Revolution in Orthodox spaces. The volume is addressed to historians, philosophers, theologians, scientists and members of the clergy, but also to any scholar that is interested in discovering the vibrancy of the emerging field of Science and Orthodox Christianity Studies.

Recent years have seen a significant increase in migration and displacement. Due to economic, political, and climatic pressures, large numbers of individuals are leaving their countries of origin and settling in new environments and societies. As a result, national identity has increasingly come to the fore in public discourse. Shaping and reshaping national agendas, debates surrounding national identity are affecting policies and influencing voting behaviours. Discourse on this issue is often centred on the idea of autochthony and nativism. Yet we do not encounter such anxieties in ancient Rome, one of the longest-lasting political orders in history. Unlike among the Greeks, the idea of autochthony did not take root among the Romans. Instead, Rome’s identity tended to be fluid, accommodating the development of highly variegated and multi-ethnic groups and societies.

The purpose of this volume is to understand how the Romans represented themselves and how others defined and regarded them. It aims to identify the various narratives that contributed to the construction of Roman self-representation by raising the following questions: What stories did Romans tell about themselves? How did they enact and perform their selfhood in biographic and autobiographical sources? How did Greek and Judean sources understand and define Roman identity? And, taken together, how did these narratives influence Roman self-perception?

Rather than arguing for a monolithic or coherent understanding of Romanitas, this volume explores a variety of performances and manifestations of Roman identity. It focuses both on sources where the self or individual is the primary focus, alongside more general texts dealing with specific elements of Roman identity.

Le volume s’interroge sur la place de Spinoza dans les milieux intellectuels, philosophiques et scientifiques de l’Angleterre et de l’Europe du xvii e siècle, et il analyse les contextes scientifiques privilégiés qui ont fourni à Spinoza plusieurs motifs de réflexion et qui ont compté ensuite parmi ses principaux lieux de réception. Le rapport entre Spinoza et le débat philosophique en Angleterre a retenu l’attention des historiens depuis longtemps. Il s’agit d’un terrain historiographique complexe où questions de sources, réception des idées et enjeux polémiques se mêlent souvent. La première partie du volume a une approche plus thématique : on se focalise sur un thème de la philosophie de Spinoza pour y voir, comme dans un prisme, le reflet des débats croisés entre Pays-Bas et Angleterre. La deuxième partie du volume est consacrée principalement à Spinoza et à la considération du rapport avec la physique hobbesienne. La troisième partie du volume porte sur les polémiques autour des œuvres de Spinoza qui furent lues durant le dix-huitième siècle en Angleterre et sur le continent, les spéculations philosophiques d’un cartésien athée et les œuvres d’un impie. Le parcours intellectuel du livre, qui rassemble les contributions de A. Di Nardo, R. Evangelista, G. Giglioni, E. Guillemeau, M. Laerke, F. Mignini, A. Sangiacomo, C. Santinelli, M. Sanna, C. Secretan, L. Simonutti, T. Verbeek, s’achève par la postface de Pierre-François Moreau.