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In the Valentinianic period (364-392) Roman emperors stayed only rarely and briefly in the former capital city of Rome. This changed in the Theodosian period, especially during the reign of Valentinian III (425−455), who chose Rome as his residence for about eight years. Does the physical absence of the emperor have any effect on the way he is represented in various media within the city of Rome? Focussing on the medial representation of the Valentinianic and Theodosian emperors in order to compare them, I have collected evidence for the imperial presence in Rome reflected through different media, especially building works and statues. The building projects studied include palatial architecture (e.g. on the Palatine or Pincian Hill) and the restoration of Rome’s infrastructure, such as the Pons Cestius (renamed the Pons Gratiani). Imperial building projects remain constant in quality and quantity until the reign of Valentinian III. Even the remarkable mausoleum added next to St. Peter’s at the Vatican under Honorius can be understood as a parallel to the rebuilding of St. Paul-outside-the-walls under Valentinian II, Theodosius and Arcadius.
The heightening of the Aurelianic wall under Honorius was commemorated by three groups of imperial statues. These expressed the emperor’s care for the city, even in his absence or, better, precisely because of it. During the twenty-eight years of the Valentinianic dynasty, thirteen imperial statues were dedicated. In the more than 60 years of Theodosian rule, the same number can be counted. At first glance, this mirrors a general trend, but a closer analysis reveals that, during almost fifty years after 408, only three imperial statues are documented in Rome. It seems likely that statuary was a much-favoured medium to compensate for the imperial absence from the eternal city, whereas, during periods of imperial presence, other ways of representation were preferred. The relationship between the emperor and Rome as articulated in the material studied here seems only to change once Valentinian III chooses the City again as his permanent residence. Before then, the imperial statuary and building projects of the two dynasties (Valentinianic, Theodosian) do not differ in their essentials.