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1882
Volume 25, Issue 1
  • ISSN: 1250-7334
  • E-ISSN: 2295-9718

Abstract

Abstract

Les trois décennies qui ont suivi la mort de Valentinien III en 455 sont souvent décrites comme particulièrement dévastatrices pour Rome et l’aristocratie italienne. La cité a souffert de deux destructions majeures en moins de vingt ans. De fait, les archéologues tentent de dater la ruine de nombreuses maisons aristocratiques sur les collines du Caelius et de l’Aventin après 455, en se fondant pour une bonne part sur l’hypothèse d’une fuite de l’aristocratie au lendemain de ces événements.

Toutefois, comme je le démontre dans cet article, la disparition de l’aristocratie sénatoriale romaine relève d’une vision erronée. Presque immédiatement après les sacs de 455, les aristocrates sont en effet revenus à Rome, et nullement pour des raisons sentimentales. Au contraire, et paradoxalement, les invasions de 455 leur ont ouvert de nouvelles opportunités pour rivaliser avec les autres élites de Rome : les empereurs et leurs courtisans, les chefs militaires germains, et l’évêque. Parfois, ils se sont ralliés à de fortes personnalités militaires, comme Ricimer, puis, en particulier après 476, à l’évêque de Rome. Ces actions ont fait plus que restaurer l’organisation structurelle de la ville. De fait, Rome a continué à tenir son rang de véritable centre politique autant que symbolique tout au long du e siècle jusqu’au début du Moyen Âge, et ce en grande partie grâce à la ténacité de l’aristocratie sénatoriale.

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