oa Transforming Big Science in Belgium: Management Consultants and the Reorganization of the Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), 1980–1990

References

1. Agar, J. (2013). Science in the 20th century and beyond. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
2. Beise, M., & Stahl, H. (1999). Public research and industrial innovations in Germany. Research Policy, 28(4), 397–422. https://doi.org/ [Crossref]
   [Google Scholar]
3. Berman, E. P. (2014). Not just neoliberalism: Economization in US science and technology policy. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 39(3), 397–431. https://doi.org/ [Crossref]
   [Google Scholar]
4. Berman, E. P. (2015). Creating the market university: How academic science became an economic engine. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
5. Bertrams, K. (2006). Of men and platforms: Social networks and the organization of industrial innovation in Belgium (1900–1970). Zeitschrift Für Unternehmensgeschichte, 51(1), 54–69. https://doi.org/ [Crossref]
   [Google Scholar]
6. Bertrams, K. (2018). From exchange programmes to the legitimisation of university-based management education: The case of Belgium, 1920–1970. In N. Tiratsoo & M. Kipping (Eds.), Americanisation in 20th century Europe: Business, culture, politics (Vol. 2, pp. 225–241). Lille, France: Publications de l'Institut de Recherches Historiques du Septentrion.
7. Boden, R., Cox, D., Nedeva, M., & Barker, K. (2004). Scrutinising science: The changing UK government of science. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
8. Capshew, J. H., & Rader, K. A. (1992). Big Science: Price to the present. Osiris, 7, 2–25.
   [Google Scholar]
9. Charles, D. (1989). The Transnuklear affair. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 45(3), 23.
   [Google Scholar]
10. Cohn, S. (1990). The political economy of nuclear power (1945–1990): The rise and fall of an official technology. Journal of Economic Issues, 24(3), 781–811. https://doi.org/ [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
11. Commissariaat Voor Kernenergie. (1971). Industrieel Beleid En Kernontwikkeling. Brussels, Belgium: Ministerie van Economische Zaken en Energie.
12. Cook, C. J. (1980). Planning for research freedom at SRI. Planning Review, 8(4), 27–30. https://doi.org/ [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
13. Crease, R. P., & Westfall, C. (2016). The new Big Science. Physics Today, 69(5), 30–36. https://doi.org/ [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
14. De Cort, R., De Cock, R., Billiau, R., & Proost, J. (1979). Finance management and administrative aspects of project management at SCK/CEN, Mol, Belgium. In Symposium on international structural comparison of research centres: Comparison of cost accounting systems (pp. 15–30). Vienna, Austria: Österreichische Studiengesellschaft für Atomenergie.
15. De Cort, R., Proost, J., & Billiau, R. (1983). Commercial utilization of research results at SCK/CEN, Mol. In 3rd symposium on international structural comparison of research centres: Finance management in research and development (pp. 373–379). Mol, Belgium: Studiecentrum voor Kernenergie SCK CEN.
16. Djelic, M. (1998). Exporting the American model: The postwar transformation of European business. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
17. Drogan, M. (2011). Atoms for Peace, US foreign policy and the globalization of nuclear technology, 1953–1960 (PhD dissertation). State University of New York, Albany, NY.
18. Elzinga, A. (2012). Features of the current science policy regime: Viewed in historical perspective. Science and Public Policy, 39(4), 416–428. https://doi.org/ [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
19. Galison, P. (1997). Image and logic: A material culture of microphysics. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
20. Galison, P., & Hevly, B. (1992). Big Science: The growth of large-scale research. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
21. GERV wil uitbouw Studiecentrum Mol. (1982, November 25). Gazet van Antwerpen, p. 3.
22. Gibbons, M., Limoges, C., Nowotny, H., Schwatrzman, S., Scott, P., & Trow, M. (1994). The new production of knowledge: The dynamics of science and research in contemporary societies. London, UK: Sage.
23. Govaerts, P., Jaumotte, A., & Vanderlinden, J. (1994). Un demi-siècle de nucléaire en Belgique: Témoignages. Brussels, Belgium: Presses Universitaires Européennes.
24. Grossforschung, wohin? Dokumentation eines Symposions in Zürich. (1985). Bild der wisschenaft, 9, 110–129.
25. Guéron, J. (1970). Atomic energy in continental Western Europe. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 26(6), 62–116. https://doi.org/ [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
26. Halleux, R. (2015). Tant qu'il y aura des chercheurs: Science et politique en Belgique de 1772 à 2015. Liège, Belgium: Editions Luc Pire.
27. Hallonsten, O. (2016). Big Science transformed: Science, politics and organization in Europe and the United States. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
28. Hallonsten, O., & Heinze, T. (2012). Institutional persistence through gradual organizational adaptation: Analysis of national laboratories in the USA and Germany. Science and Public Policy, 39(4), 450–463. https://doi.org/ [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
29. Hecht, G. (2009). The radiance of France: Nuclear power and national identity after World War II. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
30. Helmreich, J. E. (1990). Belgium, Britain, the United States and uranium, 1952–1959. Studia Diplomatica, 43(3), 27–81.
    [Google Scholar]
31. Heymann, M., & Martin-Nielsen, J. (2013). Introduction: Perspectives on Cold War science in small European states. Centaurus, 55(3), 221–242. https://doi.org/ [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
32. Hibbs, M. (1989). Belgium's CEN/SCK to build future around BR-2 test reactor. Nucleonics Week, 30(11), 5.
    [Google Scholar]
33. Hibbs, M. (1990). Europe's nuclear laboratories in the 1990s: Technology push or market pull? Nucleonics Week, 30(50), 8.
    [Google Scholar]
34. Hoddeson, L., Kolb, A. W., & Westfall, C. (2008). Fermilab: Physics, the frontier, and megascience. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
35. Holl, J. M. (1997). Argonne national laboratory, 1946–96. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
36. Homburg, E. (2003). Speuren op de tast: Een historische kijk op industriële en universitaire research. Maastricht, The Netherlands: University of Maastricht.
37. Honest2020. (n.d.). D3.6: The short country reports—Map. Honest2020. Retrieved from http://www.honest2020.eu/d36-short-country-reports-map
38. H.VS. (1982, October 29). LBC heeft alternatief plan voor atoomcentrum van Mol. Gazet van Antwerpen, p. 3.
39. Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers. (1978, February 22). Mededeling van de regering betreffende “een nieuw industrieel beleid” (n. 301). Retrieved from https://www.dekamer.be/digidoc/OCR/K2023/K20232109/K20232109.pdf
40. Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers (1980, November 26). Plenary session of the Belgian parliament (n. 15). Retrieved from https://www3.dekamer.be/digidocanha/K0079/K00791504/K00791504.pdf
41. Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers. (1982, June 25). Plenary session of the Belgian Parliament (n. 66–67). Retrieved from https://www3.dekamer.be/digidocanha/K0080/K00803016/K00803016.pdf
42. Kevles, D. J. (2001). The physicists: The history of a scientific community in modern America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
43. Kipping, M. (1999). American management consulting companies in western Europe, 1920 to 1990: Products, reputation, and relationships. Business History Review, 73(2), 190–220. https://doi.org/ [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
44. Kipping, M., & Engwall, L. (Eds). (2002). Management consulting: Emergence and dynamics of a knowledge industry. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
45. Laes, E., Chayapathi, L., Meskens, M., & Eggermont, G. (2007). Kernenergie (on)besproken: Een geschiedenis van het maatschappelijke debat over kernenergie in België. Leuven, Belgium: Acco.
46. Lambright, W. H. (1998). Downsizing Big Science: Strategic choices. Public Administration Review, 58(3), 259–268. https://doi.org/ [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
47. Lefebvre, V. (2002). Au cœur de la matière: 50 ans de recherches au CEA de Saclay. Paris, France: Cherche Midi.
48. Lefèvre, T. (1968). Het wetenschapsbeleid in België: een nieuwe aanpak. Brussels, Belgium: CEPESS.
49. McDonald, D. (2013). The firm: The story of McKinsey and its secret influence on American business. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.
50. Mckenna, C. D. (2010). World's newest profession: Management consulting in the twentieth century. Cambridge, UK: Oxford University Press.
51. Molella, A. P., & Knowles, S. G. (2019). World's Fairs in the Cold War: Science, technology, and the culture of progress. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
52. Mommen, A. (1994). The Belgian economy in the twentieth century. London, UK: Routledge.
53. Moreau, J. (1994). L'industrie nucléaire en belgique de 1945 à la mise en veilleuse d'Euratom. In M. Dumoulin, P. Guillen, & M. Vaïsse (Eds), L'énergie nucléaire en Europe: Des origines à l'Euratom (pp. 65–97). Bern, Switzerland: Peter Lang.
54. Nau, H. R. (1974). National politics and international technology: Nuclear reactor development in western Europe. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
55. Nielsen, H., & Knudsen, H. (2010). The troublesome life of peaceful atoms in Denmark. History and Technology, 26(2), 91–118. https://doi.org/ [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
56. NEA/OECD. (1996). Trends in nuclear research institutes. Paris, France: OECD.
57. OECD. (1989). The changing role of government research laboratories. Paris, France: OECD.
58. O'Driscoll, M. (2002). The origins and early history of Euratom, 1955–1968. In Directorate-General for Research (Ed.), The European parliament and the Euratom treaty: Past, present and future (pp. 1–44). Luxembourg: European Parliament.
59. Ongena, O. (2010). Een geschiedenis van het sociaaleconomisch overleg in Vlaanderen (1945–2010): 25 jaar SERV. Ghent, Belgium: Academia Press.
60. Pestre, D. (2000). The production of knowledge between academies and markets: A historical reading of the book The New Production of Knowledge. Science, Technology and Society, 5(2), 169–181. https://doi.org/ [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
61. Pohl, D. (2021). Uranium exposed at Expo 58: The colonial agenda behind the peaceful atom. History and Technology, 37(2), 172–202. https://doi.org/ [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
62. Popp, M., & Hoffmann, J. (1993). Technologies for sustained development: A new task for Big Science. Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 18(3), 180–184. https://doi.org/ [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
63. Power, M. (1997). Expertise and the construction of relevance: Accountants and environmental audit. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 22(2), 123–146. https://doi.org/ [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
64. Power, M. (1997). The audit society: Rituals of verification. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
65. Proost, J., Billiau, R., Dejonghe, P., & De Cort, R. (1981). Planning of R&D work at S.C.K./C.E.N., Mol. In 2nd symposium on international structural comparison of research centres: Finance management in research and development (pp. 373–382). Vienna, Austria: Überreuter.
66. Radkau, J., & Hahn, L. (2013). Aufstieg und Fall der deutschen Atomwirtschaft. Munich, Germany: Oekom Verlag.
67. Saint-Martin, D. (2013). Making government more “business-like”: Management consultants as agents of isomorphism in modern political economies. In J. Mikler (Ed.), The handbook of global companies (pp. 173–192). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/ [Crossref]
68. SCK CEN. (1970). Annual Scientific Report. Retrieved from https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/03/024/3024338.pdf
69. SCK CEN. (1977). Annual Scientific Report. Retrieved from https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/10/456/10456545.pdf
70. SCK CEN. (1983). Annual Scientific Report. Retrieved from https://publications.sckcen.be/portal/files/4487005/BLG_566.pdf
71. SCK CEN. (1984). Annual report 1984. Retrieved from https://publications.sckcen.be/portal/files/4483653/BLG_578.pdf
72. Scott, A. (1988, January 8). Nuclear transport bribery scandal. The Guardian, p. 7.
73. Shapin, S. (2008). The scientific life: A moral history of a late modern vocation. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago.
74. Sperling, P. (2006). Geschichten aus der Geschichte: 50 Jahre Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe; bereit für die Zukunft. Karlsruhe, Germany: Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe.
75. Teich, A. H., & Lambright, W. H. (1976). The redirection of a large national laboratory. Minerva, 14(4), 447–474.
    [Google Scholar]
76. Van Berkel, K. (2020). Low countries. In D. N. Livingstone, H. R. Slotten, & R. L. Numbers (Eds.), Modern science in national, transnational, and global context (pp. 305–324). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/ [Crossref]
77. Vanpol, I. (1982). De besluitvorming inzake kernenergie in het Belgisch politiek bestel. Res Publica: Tijdschrift voor Politieke Wetenschappen, 24(2), 327–348.
    [Google Scholar]
78. Verbong, G., Berkers, E., & Taanman, M. (2005). Op weg naar de markt: De geschiedenis van ECN 1976–2001. Petten, The Netherlands: ECN.
79. Weart, S. R. (1979). Scientists in power. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
80. Westfall, C. (2008). Surviving the squeeze: National laboratories in the 1970s and 1980s. Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences, 38(4), 475–478. https://doi.org/ [Crossref]
    [Google Scholar]
81. Witte, E., Craeybeckx, J., & Meynen, A. (2001). Political history of Belgium from 1830 onwards. Brussels, Belgium: Academic and Scientific Publishers.
82. Wolfe, A. J. (2012). Competing with the Soviets: Science, technology, and the state in Cold War America. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press.
83. Wolff, J. (1996). Eurochemic (1956–1990): Thirty-five years of international co-operation in the field of nuclear engineering: The chemical processing of irradiated fuels and the management of radioactive wastes. Paris, France: OECD Historical Series.