Medieval and Modern Matters
Archaeology and Material culture in the Low Countries
Volume 5, Issue 1, 2014
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Christianisation and the Afterlife of Pagan Open-Air Cult Sites. Evidence from the Northern Frankish Frontier
show More to view fulltext, buy and share links for:Christianisation and the Afterlife of Pagan Open-Air Cult Sites. Evidence from the Northern Frankish Frontier show Less to hide fulltext, buy and share links for: Christianisation and the Afterlife of Pagan Open-Air Cult Sites. Evidence from the Northern Frankish FrontierAuthors: Bert Groenewoudt, Roy van Beek and Michel GrootheddeAbstractIn this article we try to explain why some pagan open-air cult sites were used until the twelfth to thirteenth centuries or even later, long after the introduction of Christianity (sixth to eighth centuries) in what are now the Netherlands. To reconstruct the Christianization process we link Milis’ 1986 model of phased Christianization with archaeological data. Findings are mainly compared to contemporary Anglo-Saxon England. As a result of sociocultural, geopolitical and demographic differences reuse patterns turn out to be regionally diverse. Unlike Anglo-Saxon England Christian re-use of pagan cult sites appears to have been very rare. Probably this is because in the large parts of Netherlands Christianization was enforced: conversion was part of aggressive Frankish expansion culminating in the ‘Saxon Wars’. Christianity’s conquest was far from uncontested and the frontier zone changed hands several times. During this period there is some archaeological evidence of both competition and pagan revival. The fact that some pagan (pre-Christian) open-air cult sites continued to function as such until long after the introduction of Christianity, is in accordance with Milis’ opinion that Christianisation is not an act but a dynamic and long lasting ‘persuasion process’. By verifying and supplementing historical sources archaeological information may significantly contribute to our understanding of Christianisation.
AbstractIn diesem Artikel versuchen wir zu erklären, warum im Gebiet der heutigen Niederlande manche der paganen Freiluft-Kultstätten bis ins zwölfte und dreizehnte Jahrhundert oder sogar länger benutzt worden sind, bis lange nach der Einführung des Christentums im sechsten bis achten Jahrhundert. Um den Christianisierungsprozess rekonstruieren zu können, kombinieren wir Milis Modell 1986 der stufenweisen Christianisierung mit archäologischen Daten. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse wurden hauptsächlich mit den Erkenntnissen über England in der angelsächsischen Zeit verglichen. Es hat sich heraus gestellt, dass das erneute Benutzen der Freiluft-Kulturstätten durch soziokulturelle, geopolitische und demographische Unterschiede beeinflusst wurde und dadurch verschiedene Erscheinungsformen hatte. Im Gegensatz zum angelsächsischen England scheint die Wiederverwendung paganer Kultstatten hier eher selten gewesen zu sein. Wahrscheinlich hat dies damit zu tun, dass die Christianisierung in großen Teilen der Niederlande erzwungen worden war: Die Bekehrung zum Christentum war Teil der aggressiven Fränkischen Expansion, die in den Sachsenkriegen kulminierte. Der Sieg des Christentums war umstritten und die Grenzzone wechselte mehrmals. Es gibt archäologische Hinweise auf den Streit zwischen Christen und Heiden als auch auf die Wiederbelebung des Paganismus. Die Tatsache, dass einige heidnische (vorchristliche) Freiluft-Kultstätten weiterhin als solche funktionierten, bis lange nach der Einführung des Christentums, ist in Übereinstimmung mit Milis Ansicht, dass die Christianisierung keine Handlung war, sondern ein dynamischer und dauerhafter Überzeugungsprozess. Durch die Überprüfung und Ergänzung der historischen Quellen kann die Archäologie wesentlich zu unserem Verständnis der Christianisierung beitragen.
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House Building in the Meuse-Demer-Scheldt Region ad 850-1250 Explained: a ‘Dynamic Dual Approach’ to the Concept of Building Tradition
show More to view fulltext, buy and share links for:House Building in the Meuse-Demer-Scheldt Region ad 850-1250 Explained: a ‘Dynamic Dual Approach’ to the Concept of Building Tradition show Less to hide fulltext, buy and share links for: House Building in the Meuse-Demer-Scheldt Region ad 850-1250 Explained: a ‘Dynamic Dual Approach’ to the Concept of Building TraditionAbstractThis article describes and explains developments in house building in the Meuse-Demer-Scheldt region in the period ad 850-1250. It first looks at the development of houses and then presents a general model, partly based on a study by Simon Bronner, to explain house building developments and changes. It goes on to show period-specific societal factors that help explain innovations in house types between 850 and 1250 concerning the shape, the size and the interior layout. Possibilities in the motives behind the construction of the oval shape of houses in the Low Countries are put forward too. Not all house characteristics however are explained. These period-specific factors are then integrated into the general model.
AbstractCet article décrit et propose d’expliquer le développement du plan des maisons dans la région Meuse-Demer-Escaut entre 850 et 1250 après J.-C. Il s’attache tout d’abord à observer leur développement et présente ensuite un modèle général, en partie basé sur une étude de Simon Bronner, en vue d’expliquer les changements observés. L’auteur met en évidence plusieurs facteurs sociaux spécifiques aux periodes etudiées et qui expliquent les innovations successives dans les types de maisons concernant la forme, la taille, les aménagements et divisions intérieures. Les adjuvants à l’adoption de la forme ovale dans les Pays-Bas sont aussi mis en exergue. Toutes les caractéristiques de ces maisons ne sont cependant pas expliquées. Néanmoins, les facteurs spécifiques à des périodes précises sont intégrés dans le modèle général proposé.
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The ‘Great Sanitary Awakening’ Questioned: Is There a Solid Argument in Favour of the ‘Filthy Medieval City’ Hypothesis?
show More to view fulltext, buy and share links for:The ‘Great Sanitary Awakening’ Questioned: Is There a Solid Argument in Favour of the ‘Filthy Medieval City’ Hypothesis? show Less to hide fulltext, buy and share links for: The ‘Great Sanitary Awakening’ Questioned: Is There a Solid Argument in Favour of the ‘Filthy Medieval City’ Hypothesis?By: Roos van OostenAbstractThe large archaeological dataset of more than 650 excavated water facilities and cesspits dating from the thirteenth to the nineteenth century in the Dutch town of Haarlem allows us to outline long-term shifts in hygienic infrastructure. In the late Medieval period, town dwellers used mostly cesspits and surface water from canals, but in the last quarter of the sixteenth century, the use of water facilities began to increase. Over the course of the next three centuries, more and more water facilities were built as pollution increased. Industrial waste contributed to pollution in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and as a result, by the second half of the eighteenth century, human excrement was being drained from privies directly into the canals. In combination with sewage from factories established in the nineteenth century a ‘great stink’ emerged. A ‘great sanitation awakening,’ therefore, must be viewed as a response to the increased pollution of canals and rivers. In light of this, it is fair to argue that it was not so much the Medieval period that was filthy and unhygienic, as Victorian reformers suggested, but the nineteenth century.
AbstractUne banque de données riche de plus de 650 structures de gestion de l’eau et de latrines datées du xiiie au xixe siecle dans le ville néerlandaise de Harlem nous autorise à retracer l’évolution des infrastructures sanitaires dans la longue durée. À la période médiévale tardive, les citadins utilisaient le plus souvent des latrines et les eaux des canaux dans leur gestion des eaux usées et des matières fécales. À partir du dernier quart du xive siècle cependant, l’usage de conduites d’évacuation hydraulique a progressivement augmenté. Durant les trois siècles qui ont suivi, leurs réseaux ont crû à la mesure de l’augmentation de la pollution urbaine. Les rejets detritiques industriels y ont beaucoup contribué dans la seconde moitié du xviiie siècle, les excréments humains étant directement évacués depuis les habitats vers les canaux. Tandis qu’ils se combinaient à l’égouttage des usines établies en grand nombre dans le courant du xixe siècle, survint la « grande puanteur ». C’est la raison pour laquelle le « grand réveil sanitaire » peut être vu comme la réponse à la pollution croissante des canaux et rivières. À la lumière de ce constat, il semble juste de prétendre que ce n’est pas tant le Moyen Âge qui fut une période putride et ahygiénique, comme l’ont prétendu les réformateurs victoriens, mais bien le xixe siecle.
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The Cross & the Crucible: The Production of Carolingian Disc Brooches as Objects of Religious Exchange?
show More to view fulltext, buy and share links for:The Cross & the Crucible: The Production of Carolingian Disc Brooches as Objects of Religious Exchange? show Less to hide fulltext, buy and share links for: The Cross & the Crucible: The Production of Carolingian Disc Brooches as Objects of Religious Exchange?Authors: Marcus A. Roxburgh, Hans D. J. Huisman and Bertil van OsAbstractIn this article, aspects of the production and exchange of Carolingian/Ottonian disc brooches are examined through an analysis of 281 brooches selected from collections across The Netherlands. The composition of the brooches was measured with a Hand Held-XRF device and the results showed a sharp deviation from the alloys seen in brooches from earlier periods. The results across all geographic areas consisted of a mixture of copper, zinc and lead, but no tin. If recycling practices were present in the making of these brooches, then you might expect an element of tin to enter the mixture, as bronze items entered the alloy-recycling stream. But this appears not to be the case. This consistency rules out production by travelling merchants, or at domestic households and primitive workshops. The results suggest that production was more likely organised on a regional or even super regional scale. An analysis of production at royal estates, emporia and the great abbeys found the latter to be the most likely source of these objects. Furthermore, the Christian nature of these brooches, if produced within monastic centres, may have imbued them with religious meaning, allow for a fresh interpretation of their methods of exchange.
AbstractCet article présente différents aspects de la production et de la diffusion des fibules discoïdes carolingiennes/ottoniennes grâce aux résultats d’analyse de 281 artefacts sélectionnés dans de nombreuses collections des Pays-Bas. Les analyses de composition ont été realisées à l’aide d’un équipement XRF portable. Elles illustrent une différence notable avec les résultats d’analyse des alliages des fibules des périodes antérieures. Quelque soit la provenance géographique, les données témoignent de l’usage d’un mélange de cuivre, de zinc et de plomb, et de l’exclusion de l’étain. Si les pratiques de recyclage étaient avérées dans le processus de fabrication de ces objets, des résidus stannifères devraient être décelés dans les alliages étudiés, dans la mesure où des objets en bronze entrent dans la chaîne du recyclage. Ceci ne semble pas être le cas cependant. Ce constat exclut toute production par des marchands itinérants, ou dans la sphère domestique comme dans des ateliers sommaires. Les analyses suggèrent plutôt que la production de ces fibules était organisée à un niveau régional au moins, ou à une échelle géographique plus grande encore. L’analyse des exemplaires provenant d’établissements royaux, d’emporia, et de grandes abbayes, démontre que ceux-ci sont bien les lieux d’élaboration des parures étudiées. En outre, leur caractère chrétien, quand elles sont produites dans des pôles monastiques, leur confère une signification religieuse et réoriente l’interprétation de leurs modes d’échange.
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Working to the Bone: a Comparative Health and Occupational Study of the Skeletal Remains from Rural Moorsel (c. ad 1000-1860)
show More to view fulltext, buy and share links for:Working to the Bone: a Comparative Health and Occupational Study of the Skeletal Remains from Rural Moorsel (c. ad 1000-1860) show Less to hide fulltext, buy and share links for: Working to the Bone: a Comparative Health and Occupational Study of the Skeletal Remains from Rural Moorsel (c. ad 1000-1860)By: Marit Van CantAbstractBioarchaeological analyses of human skeletal remains from two rural sites in Belgium, one of 103 low-status individuals from the churchyard in Moorsel, and one of 68 socially higher ranked individuals from the church in Oosterweel, were the start of a comprehensive study regarding rural populations dating between c. ad 1000-1860 in north-west Europe. Despite limited studies of the osteological evidence from rural populations as well as of those with a low social status in most north-western European countries addressed in this study, the palaeopathological data implied a high frequency in (healed) trauma and entheseal changes (EC) or musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) for both sexes, possibly due to heavier physical labour, and fewer infectious and deficiency diseases, compared to urban, and especially industrialised, contexts. Moreover, palaeodemographic data suggested an equal ratio between male and female churchyard burials compared to those who were buried inside the church, as a 2:1 male preponderance was noticed in the latter group. Besides an average stature similar to urban populations (and even a slightly taller average stature observed in rural females) the macroscopic investigation suggested a general good health condition, which was also attested in the selected rural case studies. However, taking into consideration the osteological paradox, biomolecular analyses for further investigation concerning infectious diseases are suggested.
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Reviews
show More to view fulltext, buy and share links for:Reviews show Less to hide fulltext, buy and share links for: ReviewsAbstractSebastiaan Ostkamp, 2013: Aen taefele. Eten en leven in de late middeleeuwen; De Collectie Aad Penders (Mealtimes. Dining and manners in the Late Middle Ages; The Aad Penders collection (Roos van Oosten)
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