Food & History
Volume 11, Issue 2, 2013
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Front Matter ("Title Page", "Editorial Board", "Copyright Page", "Table of Contents", "Avant-Propos")
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Domestication de la vigne (Vitis vinifera L.) et origines de cépages en France : apport de l’archéobiologie
show More to view fulltext, buy and share links for:Domestication de la vigne (Vitis vinifera L.) et origines de cépages en France : apport de l’archéobiologie show Less to hide fulltext, buy and share links for: Domestication de la vigne (Vitis vinifera L.) et origines de cépages en France : apport de l’archéobiologieAuthors: Jean-Frédéric Terral and Laurent BoubyAbstractL’histoire et les mécanismes de la domestication de la vignedemeurent énigmatiques en dépit d’un important corpus de sources archéologiques, historiques et moléculaires. Depuis peu, de nouveaux outils issus de la biologie sont investis par l’archéobotanique afin d’accéder à une résolution taxinomique infra-spécifique au regard de taxinomies établies par l’agronomie et la génétique. Ces approches méthodologiques sont riches de perspectives à la fois en archéologie et en biologie évolutive, tant les connections entre types variétaux, sociétés, terroirs, pratiques et usages peuvent être étroites. Certains cépages proposent un parfait exemple d’un patrimoine biologique constituant l’assise emblématique, souvent pluriséculaire, des viticultures régionales.
AbstractThe history and mechanisms of grapevine domestication (Vitis vinifera L.) remain enigmatic despite a large corpus of available archaeological, historical and genetic resources.
Recently, new tools from biology have been employed by archaeobotany in order to reach an infra-specific level on the basis of classifications provided by agronomy and genetics. These methodological approaches open new perspectives in both archaeology and evolutionary biology because relationships between varietal types, human societies, landscapes and socio-economic uses may be intricate. Some varieties offer a perfect example of a biological heritage constituting from several centuries, the emblematic roots of winegrowing areas.
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La “Vigne de Pausanias” : mythe et ADN
show More to view fulltext, buy and share links for:La “Vigne de Pausanias” : mythe et ADN show Less to hide fulltext, buy and share links for: La “Vigne de Pausanias” : mythe et ADNAbstractAfin de contribuer au développement des connaissances sur lepatrimoine ampélographique et les ressources génétiques viticoles de la Grèce, nous avons caractérisé la vigne dite “de Pausanias” au niveau ampélographique et moléculaire. Cette vigne se trouve dans le centre du Péloponnèse (village de Pagrati, Préfecture d’Achaia). Elle est dénommée et répertoriée sous le nom de “Vigne de Pausanias”, géographe grec du iie siècle après J.-C., même si son origine et son âge réel ne sont pas véritablement connus. Les résultats des analyses montrent qu’il ne s’agit pas d’unancien cépage grec mais d’une lambrusque (Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris), dont la spécificité réside dans le fait que la souche s’est maintenue naturellement depuis très longtemps, et vraisemblablement depuis plusieurs siècles, sans intervention humaine particulière. À cet égard, et par son développement spectaculaire, c’est certainement un exemplaire unique et tout à fait exceptionnel.
AbstractTo develop knowledge about ampelographic heritage and grapevine genetic resources of Greece, we characterised at ampelographic and molecular levels the grapevine called the “Pausanias Vine”. This vine is located in the center of the Peloponnese (Pagrati village, Prefecture of Achaia). It is named and listed as the “Pausanias Vine”, for the Greek geographer of the second century AD, although its origin and its age are not really known. The results show that it is not an old Greek grapevine cultivar but a wild vine (Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris), whose specificity lies in the fact that it has been maintained naturally for a very long time, probably several centuries, without any specific human intervention. In this regard, and its spectacular growth, it is definitely a single and quite exceptional genotype.
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Noms de vignes et de raisins et techniques de vinification à Byzance. Continuité et rupture avec la viticulture de l’antiquité tardive
show More to view fulltext, buy and share links for:Noms de vignes et de raisins et techniques de vinification à Byzance. Continuité et rupture avec la viticulture de l’antiquité tardive show Less to hide fulltext, buy and share links for: Noms de vignes et de raisins et techniques de vinification à Byzance. Continuité et rupture avec la viticulture de l’antiquité tardiveAbstractSources écrites, archéologie et analyses palynologiques nousprocurent des renseignements sur les changements (continuité et rupture) survenus dans la viticulture romaine et byzantine dans la péninsule grecque, l’Asie Mineure et les îles. Une comparaison entre les noms des cépages et certaines techniques de vinification mentionnés par les sources grecques de l’époque romaine et protobyzantine (iie siècle av. J.-C.-vie siècle ap.) et ceux de l’époque proprement byzantine (viiie-xiie siècle) conduit à des résultats très révélateurs sur le changement survenudans la viticulture.
AbstractWritten sources, archeology and pollen analysis provide us with information about the changes (continuity and rupture) which affected Roman and Byzantine viticulture in the Greek peninsula, the Aegean islands and Asia Minor. A comparison between the names of varieties, as well as some winemaking techniques mentioned by the Greek sources of Roman and Early Byzantine (second century BC-sixth/seventh century AD), and those attested during the Byzantine era (eighth-twelfth centuries) leads to very enlightening results.
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Protection phytosanitaire dans les vignobles de Mendè antique
show More to view fulltext, buy and share links for:Protection phytosanitaire dans les vignobles de Mendè antique show Less to hide fulltext, buy and share links for: Protection phytosanitaire dans les vignobles de Mendè antiqueAbstractPhainias d’Erèse dit que “les gens de Mendè aspergent les grappes sur la vigne avec le suc du concombre sauvage (élatérion) et que c’est cela qui rend le vin moelleux (malakos)”. Comme il ressort des sources antiques, ce traitement visait la protection phytosanitaire de la vigne contre ses divers ennemis et notamment les criquets. De nos jours, la substance active du concombre sauvage, qui est l’inhibiteur de la trypsine, fut codifiée par le gène qui a été isolé du concombre sauvage. Ce gène transféré sur les plantes de tabac les a rendues plus résistantes à divers insectes de la famille des lépidoptères, à laquelle appartiennent plusieurs insectes qui attaquent la vigne (par exemple, l’Eudémis).
AbstractPhainias of Eressos said that “the people from Mende spray the grapes on the vine with the sap of the squirting cucumber (elaterium) and that this made the wine soft (malakos)”. As it appears from the ancient sources, this treatment aimed at phytosanitary protection of the vine against several enemies, among which the cricket. Nowadays, the active substance from the wild cucumber which is the trypsin inhibiter has been codified by the gene that has been isolated from the squirting cucumber. This gene was transferred to tobacco plants and made them more resistant to various insects of the Lepidoptera family, to which several insects who attack vine belong (such as Lobesia botrana, common name Eudemis).
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Viticulture et cultures intercalaires dans le monde égéen de l’époque hellénistique à l’époque byzantine
show More to view fulltext, buy and share links for:Viticulture et cultures intercalaires dans le monde égéen de l’époque hellénistique à l’époque byzantine show Less to hide fulltext, buy and share links for: Viticulture et cultures intercalaires dans le monde égéen de l’époque hellénistique à l’époque byzantineBy: Thibaut BoulayAbstractL’étude de la viticulture dans le monde grec s’est logiquementattachée aux travaux saisonniers qui rythmaient le quotidien des vignerons et ouvriers viticoles, suivant en cela les ouvrages agronomiques grecs et latins. Ces travaux offrent une vision claire d’une viticulture peu économe en main d’œuvre, mais en isolant les façons du calendrier agraire et en faisant cependant trop souvent l’impasse sur les cultures intercalaires associées à la vigne, ils peuvent à tord donner l’impression d’une monoculture qui n’a jamais existé dans l’Antiquité. Le présent article dresse une typologie des cultures associées à la vigne et aborde ensuite les objectifs recherchés par les exploitants et l’adéquationde ces pratiques avec une démarche qualitative.
AbstractThe study of viticulture in the Greek world has logically examined seasonal works which punctuated the everyday life of wine growers and vineyard workers, following Greek and Latin agronomic literature. These studies offer a clear vision of a viticulture that requires abundant labour, but by isolating ways of doing of the agrarian calendar, and by overlooking however too often mixed cropping (or inter-cropping or co-cultivation) in vineyard, they give, wrongly, the impression of a monoculture which has never existed in Antiquity. This article presents a typology of intercrops in vineyards and then approaches the question of objectives looked for by the practitioners and the adequacy of these practices with a qualitative approach.
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Microbiologie du vin. Un autre regard pour l’étude de la vinification dans l’antiquité
show More to view fulltext, buy and share links for:Microbiologie du vin. Un autre regard pour l’étude de la vinification dans l’antiquité show Less to hide fulltext, buy and share links for: Microbiologie du vin. Un autre regard pour l’étude de la vinification dans l’antiquitéAbstractPendant la maturation, un complexe microbien s’établit sur labaie ; il contient les micro-organismes de la vinification. L’analyse de l’ADN permet de les identifier. Les arbres phylogénétiques établissent des liens entre les individus ; ils renseignent sur les parentés et l’évolution au sein des espèces. Des études sur Saccharomyces cerevisiae aboutissent à des hypothèses sur sa dissémination dans le temps et dans l’espace. D’autres visant différents micro-organismes de la niche œnologique renseignent sur l’effet de pratiques viticoles et œnologiques modernes. Les méthodes de la paléogénétique ont été appliquées avec succès à l’identification de cépages ou des plantes ajoutées au vin dans l’antiquité. L’ADN de S. cerevisiae a été retrouvé dans des échantillons antérieurs à3150 av. J.C. Associée aux approches chimiques, l’analyse d’ADNmicrobien extrait de fouilles archéologiques pourrait suggérer deshypothèses sur les modes de vinification dans l’antiquité.
AbstractDuring maturation, a microbial complex settles on the grape berries; it contains the micro-organisms of the winemaking process. The DNA analysis can identify them. Phylogenetic trees make connections between individuals. They provide information on the parents and the evolution within species. Studies of Saccharomyces cerevisiae lead to hypotheses about its dissemination in time and space. Others focusing on various micro-organisms of the wine niche provide information on the effect of modern viticultural and oenological practices. Paleogenetics methods were successfully applied to the identification of grape varieties or plants added to the wine in antiquity. DNA of S. cerevisiae was found in samples dated to ~3150 BC. Associated with chemical approaches, the analysis of microbial DNA extracted from archeological sites may suggest hypotheses about the modes of winemaking in ancient times.
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Archéologie des vignobles grecs antiques
show More to view fulltext, buy and share links for:Archéologie des vignobles grecs antiques show Less to hide fulltext, buy and share links for: Archéologie des vignobles grecs antiquesAbstractLes découvertes concernant la viticulture sont relativementmodestes en Grèce et consistent en fosses et tranchées disposées en lignes, datées principalement entre le ive s. et le dernier siècle avant notre ère. Les traces de marcottage sont présentes et la pratique des cultures intercalaires y est également attestée ; bien que non démontrée, la plantation en terrasses n’est pas à exclure. Le bilan des recherches, quelque peu décevant, doit être mis en relation avec la pratique de l’archéologie préventivedans ce pays.
AbstractThe findings relative to viticulture are relatively modest in Greece and mainly consist of pits and trenches placed in line and dated for the most part from between the fourth and first centuries bce. The traces of layering are attested as well as the practice of intercropping. The practice of terrace cultivation is not to be excluded, even though it has not been demonstrated. The research results for this field, relatively disappointing, have to be approached while taking into consideration the practice of preventive archaeology in the country.
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Diversité des architectures de vigne dans le monde : contraintes environnementales et facteurs historiques
show More to view fulltext, buy and share links for:Diversité des architectures de vigne dans le monde : contraintes environnementales et facteurs historiques show Less to hide fulltext, buy and share links for: Diversité des architectures de vigne dans le monde : contraintes environnementales et facteurs historiquesBy: Alain CarbonneauAbstractLa diversité des architectures et des systèmes de conduite de lavigne dans le monde est présentée. En sont extraits les systèmes de conduite qui étaient très probablement utilisés dans la Grèce antique, dans la partie occidentale que la Grèce occupe actuellement et dans sa partie orientale qui appartient aujourd’hui à la Turquie. Les contraintes de l’environnement naturel et de l’environnement socio-économique expliquent la plupart des choix de conduite. Cependant certains choix essentiellement historiques sont reproduits pour diverses raisons. Ces analyses débouchent sur une réflexion nouvelle concernant les rapports de l’homme à la vigne, ainsi qu’à la proposition d’hypothèses solides sur la genèse de la viticulture en Europe, certaines renforçant le rôle de la Grèce antique et de ses communications maritimes.
AbstractThe diversity of the architectures and the training systems of the grapevine in the world is presented. From that, the training systems which were very probably used in Ancient Greece are extracted, either in the western part which is now in Greece, or in the eastern part which is at present in Turkey. The constraints of the natural environment and of the socio-economical environment explain most of the choices of canopy management. Nevertheless, some essentially historical choices are reproduced for different reasons. Those analyses lead to a new thinking about the relations between the man and the vine, and also to a proposal of strong hypothesises on the genesis of Viticulture in Europe, some of them reinforcing the role of Ancient Greece and of its maritime communications.
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Towards a Spatial Analysis of Ancient Viticultural Areas: the case study of Amos (Turkey)
show More to view fulltext, buy and share links for:Towards a Spatial Analysis of Ancient Viticultural Areas: the case study of Amos (Turkey) show Less to hide fulltext, buy and share links for: Towards a Spatial Analysis of Ancient Viticultural Areas: the case study of Amos (Turkey)Authors: Emmanuelle Vaudour and Thibaut BoulayAbstractInterpretation of ancient texts, such as the Amos epigraphic farming leases, questions both locations and spatial extents of the viticultural area, as well as soils, landscapes, cultivation techniques and the quality of grapes in the Ancient Greece. These issues may be partially answered undertaking spatial analysis of soils and landscape of the present day through digital morphometric and multispectral satellite data. This paper aims at discussing the possible locations of the ancient deme of Amos and identifying the additional data and methodological developments that will be needed for a further zoning of its componing terroir units. It compares the viticultural and geographical details given in the leases prescriptions with a preliminary spatial analysis of the Amos region (Bozburun peninsula, southwest Turkey) using digital morphometric ASTER GDM data and Landsat satellite data. The viticultural prescriptions in the Amos epigraphic farming leases discriminate between vineyards grown on “plains” and vineyards grown on “rocky terrain”. Considering written and epigraphic sources, distances to coast, distances to the Amos cape, regional morphology, geology, present land use together, we found out that the ancient Amos vineyards were likely to be located along the coastline in the Kumlubuk bay at the foot of the Amos cape.
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La culture de la vigne en Grèce à l’époque byzantine d’après les archives de l’Athos
show More to view fulltext, buy and share links for:La culture de la vigne en Grèce à l’époque byzantine d’après les archives de l’Athos show Less to hide fulltext, buy and share links for: La culture de la vigne en Grèce à l’époque byzantine d’après les archives de l’AthosBy: Michel KaplanAbstractLes archives athonites font ressortir les caractères sociaux etéconomiques de la culture de la vigne. Elles permettent de souligner l’omniprésence de la vigne dans les tenures paysannes, souvent plusieurs parcelles dont l’une est constitutive de la stasis (exploitation). Pour ces tenures, il est fréquent que le vin produit excède les besoins des familles : il est donc destiné au marché. Quelques exemples nous font vivre de véritables vignerons. Les archives nous permettent d’entrer un peu plus dans les pratiques culturales en nous indiquant que les vignes sont en partie situées dans la zone des jardins et souvent complantées d’arbres fruitiers. Elles nous font voir que la plupart des vignes sont basses ou arbustives, une plus petite part sous forme de treille, une autre grimpant aux arbres,mais plus rarement.
AbstractAthonite archives allow us to find out social and economic conditions under which vine was cultivated. It highlights that vine was present in most peasant tenures, often divided in several plots, one of them being constituent of the stasis (farm). For these tenures, the wine produced usually exceeded the family needs and was sold on the market. Archives allow us to define partly the cultural practices. Parts of the vines were situated in the gardens and often shared the plot with fruit trees. Most vines appear to be low or grown as shrub, a smaller part is grown as vine arbour, more rarely climbing on the trees.
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The History of Labour and Labour Relations in Hotels and Restaurants in Western Europe and the United States in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: an Introduction
show More to view fulltext, buy and share links for:The History of Labour and Labour Relations in Hotels and Restaurants in Western Europe and the United States in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: an Introduction show Less to hide fulltext, buy and share links for: The History of Labour and Labour Relations in Hotels and Restaurants in Western Europe and the United States in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: an IntroductionAbstractThis introduction to the Dossier regarding the history of labour and labour relations in hotels and restaurants, presents a state-of-the-art survey of the history of occupational identities, remuneration, working conditions, training, recruitment and migration of cooks, waiters and other culinary workers, before the mass development of dining out, travel and tourism in the post-Second World War period.
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From “Slaves of the Kitchen” to “Thanks to the Union”: Greek-American Hotel and Restaurant Workers during the Great Depression
show More to view fulltext, buy and share links for:From “Slaves of the Kitchen” to “Thanks to the Union”: Greek-American Hotel and Restaurant Workers during the Great Depression show Less to hide fulltext, buy and share links for: From “Slaves of the Kitchen” to “Thanks to the Union”: Greek-American Hotel and Restaurant Workers during the Great DepressionAbstractThis article explores the conditions of labour and the unionising activities of rank-and-file workers in hotels and restaurants during the Great Depression through the case of Greek-American culinary and service workers. More particularly it charts the correlation between class-oriented conceptualisations and the activities of the Greek-American Left, while it addresses the transformations of ethnicity within the boundaries of small ethnic enterprises. In this context, Greek-American workers do not represent an exceptional case, but offer a paradigm of the multiple ways ethnic organisation contributed to the development of labour unionism in the turbulent 1930s and the rise of a labour-capital regulation that substituted the preexisting chaotic conditions in the food industry.
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The Rise and Fall of Germans in the British Hospitality Industry, c. 1880-1920
show More to view fulltext, buy and share links for:The Rise and Fall of Germans in the British Hospitality Industry, c. 1880-1920 show Less to hide fulltext, buy and share links for: The Rise and Fall of Germans in the British Hospitality Industry, c. 1880-1920Authors: Panikos Panayi and Stefan ManzAbstractGerman migrants were to be found in significant numbers in the British hospitality industry during the period 1880 to 1920. They worked as waiters, chefs, and managers of restaurants and hotels. This article has three main sections. It begins with a brief outline of the rise of restaurants and hotels in late nineteenth-century Britain and the role of migrants in this process. It then analyses the Germans in the British hospitality industry in the decades leading up to the First World War. The article then focuses upon the rise of hostility towards Germans with the approach of the Great War, which led to dismissal, internment and repatriation during the conflict.
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Hiérarchies et rémunérations au sein de la grande hôtellerie parisienne aux alentours de 1900, l’exemple du Grand Hôtel
show More to view fulltext, buy and share links for:Hiérarchies et rémunérations au sein de la grande hôtellerie parisienne aux alentours de 1900, l’exemple du Grand Hôtel show Less to hide fulltext, buy and share links for: Hiérarchies et rémunérations au sein de la grande hôtellerie parisienne aux alentours de 1900, l’exemple du Grand HôtelAbstractS’il est certain que l’hôtellerie de luxe et de demi-luxe atoujours suscité l’attention notamment pour rendre compte de l’exceptionnel qui s’y déroule, l’histoire sociale du “peuple hôtelier” reste largement à écrire. Ainsi, l’ambition de ce papier est de mettre en lumière les principales dynamiques de l’organisation du travail d’une entreprise hôtelière parisienne de grande envergure, et plus particulièrement du Grand Hôtel, à l’orée du xxe siècle. Pour mener à bien cette tâche, les questions de hiérarchie, de recrutement, de formation et de rémunérationdoivent être évoquées, soulignant, notamment, les difficiles conditions d’existence qu’un grand nombre de petites mains œuvrant au cœur des palaces parisiens. Sous tous ces angles, la Première Guerre mondiale marque une césure importante de l’histoire du peuple hôtelier à Paris en suscitant de nombreux débats, en encourageant le développement de la formation et en chassant des palaces une partie du personnel germanophone.
AbstractWhile the exceptional location, the refined service and the glamorous clients of the luxury and semi-luxury hotel business have always attracted attention, the world of the employees behind the scenes remains largely unknown. This article focuses on labour and work organisation in one of these palaces, the Parisian Grand Hotel. It studies the recruitment, hierarchies, wages and the difficult living conditions of the lower ranks working in this palace. The First World War, and the anti-German feelings it engendered, promoted the establishment of hotel schools aiming to “frenchify” the hotel sector.
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Cooks and Waiters on the Move: the World and International Exhibition in Ghent, 1913, as a Destination for Hospitality Workers
show More to view fulltext, buy and share links for:Cooks and Waiters on the Move: the World and International Exhibition in Ghent, 1913, as a Destination for Hospitality Workers show Less to hide fulltext, buy and share links for: Cooks and Waiters on the Move: the World and International Exhibition in Ghent, 1913, as a Destination for Hospitality WorkersAbstractIn 1913 the city of Ghent hosted the World and International Exhibition. By exploring population registers, dossiers of the Police des etrangers, files of the labour court and letters written by hospitality workers applying for a job, the article tries to find out who were the hospitality workers (gender, nationality) attracted by the World Exhibition in this Belgian provincial city, and how their trip to Ghent fitted into their labour migration itinerary. The article also deals with the intermediaries (bureaux de placement, the local labour exchange, workers’organisations, personal networks), which informed hospitality workers of the Ghent job opportunities, and discusses the segmentation of the labour market in the hospitality trade.
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Being a Female Cook in Mexico: an Approach to the Configuration of the Occupational Identities of Women in Mexican Kitchens at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century
show More to view fulltext, buy and share links for:Being a Female Cook in Mexico: an Approach to the Configuration of the Occupational Identities of Women in Mexican Kitchens at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century show Less to hide fulltext, buy and share links for: Being a Female Cook in Mexico: an Approach to the Configuration of the Occupational Identities of Women in Mexican Kitchens at the Beginning of the Twenty-First CenturyAbstractThroughout the history of Mexico, traditional cuisine has been associated with women. Nowadays, current economic conditions have forced more women to extrapolate the domestic culinary knowledge to public kitchens. In addition, the rise and popularisation of culinary education has allowed the recruitment of more women in extra-domestic kitchens. While preparing food, these women share the way they see the world in the meanings they confer to the culinary work. These similarities make these women be perceived as social actors characterised by shared values, attitudes and capabilities. This article analyses the social dynamics that take place in the configuration of the occupational identities of women in Mexican public kitchens of the twenty-first century.
AbstractTout au long de l’histoire du Mexique, une cuisine traditionelle a été associée aux femmes. Aujourd’hui, les conditions économiques actuelles ont forcé plus de femmes à extrapoler leurs connaissances culinaires domestiques au domaine public. En outre, la venue et la diffusion de l’éducation culinaire ont permis le recrutement de plus de femmes dans les cuisines publiques. En préparant les aliments, ces femmes partagent leur façon de voir le monde dans le sens qu’elles confèrent à l’œuvre culinaire. Ces similitudes font que ces femmes sont perçues comme des acteurs sociaux caractérisés par des valeurs partagées, des attitudes et des capacités. Cet article analyse les dynamiques sociales qui ont lieu dans la configuration des identités professionnelles des femmes dans les cuisines publiques mexicaines du xxie siècle.
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Le mythe du self-made man et la formation hôtelière. Miroir des contradictions identitaires de l’enseignement hôtelier à Bruxelles avant 1940
show More to view fulltext, buy and share links for:Le mythe du self-made man et la formation hôtelière. Miroir des contradictions identitaires de l’enseignement hôtelier à Bruxelles avant 1940 show Less to hide fulltext, buy and share links for: Le mythe du self-made man et la formation hôtelière. Miroir des contradictions identitaires de l’enseignement hôtelier à Bruxelles avant 1940AbstractLa question de la formation professionnelle dans le secteur de l’hôtellerie apparaît à la fin du xixe siècle. L’étude de la création de l’école d’industrie hôtelière à Bruxelles illustre les difficultés du métier pour imposer publiquement ses revendications professionnelles. Ces obstacles sont surtout révélateurs de la perception éminemment négative dont souffre le métier dans l’opinion publique. Pour y remédier, les organismes défendront à la fois, de manière apparemment contradictoire, les réussites personnelles des grands noms du secteur et le développement d’une véritable science hôtelière dont les nouvelles règles théoriques devaient, selon leurs souhaits, valoriser le métier et lui assurer le recrutement d’un personnel spécialisé adéquat.
AbstractThe development of vocational and professional training in the hotel industry begins at the end of the nineteenth century. The creation of the first Brussels hotel school demonstrates the sector’s difficulties to impose itself on a public level. It also illustrates the eminently negative public perception of this business sector. In order to counter the negative image of the hotel trade, hoteliers’associations boasted of the professional successes of hotel industry celebrities, but also defended the development of a “hotel science” which would value their business and insure the recruitment of well-trained and specialised workers.
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“Comme les sauterelles sur un champ de maïs mûr”: the Belgian unions and alien labour in hotels and restaurants in the 1930s
show More to view fulltext, buy and share links for:“Comme les sauterelles sur un champ de maïs mûr”: the Belgian unions and alien labour in hotels and restaurants in the 1930s show Less to hide fulltext, buy and share links for: “Comme les sauterelles sur un champ de maïs mûr”: the Belgian unions and alien labour in hotels and restaurants in the 1930sAuthors: Frank Caestecker and Patricia Van den EeckhoutAbstractThis paper examines how the traditional seasonal labour of foreign hospitality workers in Belgian cosmopolitan tourist resorts became an issue in the course of the 1930s. As a result of the lobbying by trade unions a protectionist immigration policy was implemented in Belgium from 1931 onwards. An exception to the ban on immigration of foreign labour was constituted by the few hundred highly skilled Italian and French hospitality workers who arrived each season in the tourist resorts, since the employers claimed that the national workforce lacked the qualifications required for service in high-class hotels. The socialist and Christian unions of hospitality workers fiercely denounced the hiring of foreign staff in years of high unemployment. Stirred by the emotional appeals of nationalist organisations, who jealously wished to safeguard Belgium for the Belgians, the socialist and Christian unions reproduced this nationalist and highly xenophobic discourse. The unions’ limited power in a sector that was difficult to organise provides an explanation for the little resistance they offered to the nationalist rhetoric. However, throughout the 1930s, the Belgian authorities continued to make an exception to blocked immigration for such seasonal labour migrants.
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Review Articles / Comptes rendus
show More to view fulltext, buy and share links for:Review Articles / Comptes rendus show Less to hide fulltext, buy and share links for: Review Articles / Comptes rendusAbstractMohamed OUBAHLI, La main et le pétrin, alimentation céréalière et pratiques culinaires en Occident musulman au Moyen Âge (Casablanca, Fondation du Roi Abdul-Aziz, 2012) 590 pp., ISBN 9954036067.
Emma C. SPARY, Eating the Enlightenment: food and the sciences in Paris, 1670-1760 (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2012), ISBN 9780226768861. ; Sean TAKATS, The Expert Cook in Enlightenment France (Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, 2011), ISBN 9781421402833.
Mónica P. MORALES, Reading Inebriation in Early Colonial Peru, New Hispanisms: Cultural and Literary Studies (Ashgate Publishing Group, Farnham, 2012), 156 pp., £ 60, ISBN 9781409443339.
Ina ZWEINIGER-BARGIELOWSKA, Rachel DUFFETT and Alain DROUARD (eds), Food and War in Twentieth Century Europe, (Ashgate, Farnham, 2011), 276 pp., 7 illus., £65.00, ISBN 9781409417705.
Review essay: ‘The most important thing in the world’: Food and the Second World War - Lizzie COLLINGHAM, The Taste of War: World War Two and the Battle for Food (Allen Lane, 2011), 656 pp., 15 illus., £30.00, ISBN 9780713999648. ; Paul BRASSLEY, Yves SEGERS and Leon VAN MOLLE (eds), War, Agriculture and Food: Rural Europe from the 1930s to the 1950s (Routledge, 2012), 268 pp., 34 illus., £85.00, ISBN 9780415522168. ; Richard FARMER, The Food Companions: Cinema and Consumption in Wartime Britain, 1939-45, (Manchester UP, Studies in Popular Culture series, 2011), 229 pp., 29 illus., £60.00, ISBN 9780719083136.
Michael A. LaCombe, Political Gastronomy. Food and Authority in the English Atlantic World (Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012), 224 pp., 17 illus., ISBN 9780812244182.
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Back Matter ("Upcoming issues / Prochains numéros", "Bibliographie d’histoire de l’alimentation / Food history – A bibliographic database", "Envois d'articles / Submission of Articles")
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Volumes & issues
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Volume 23 (2025)
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Volume 22 (2024)
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Volume 21 (2023)
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Volume 20 (2022)
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Volume 19 (2021)
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Volume 18 (2020)
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Volume 17 (2019)
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Volume 16 (2018)
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Volume 15 (2017)
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Volume 14 (2016)
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Volume 13 (2015)
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Volume 12 (2014)
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Volume 11 (2013)
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Volume 10 (2012)
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Volume 9 (2011)
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Volume 8 (2010)
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Volume 7 (2009)
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Volume 6 (2008)
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Volume 5 (2007)
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Volume 4 (2006)
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Volume 3 (2005)
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Volume 2 (2004)
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Volume 1 (2003)
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