Brepols

Ever since its introduction in the 1970s, Ruth Finnegan’s notion of the oral-written, or the oral-literate, continuum has served as one of the most effective means of dispelling the dichotomous understanding of the two principal media of communication in the Middle Ages. However, while often casually invoked, the concept has never been made a focus of study in its own right. The present volume is an attempt to place the oral-written continuum at the heart of discussion as an object of a head-on theoretical investigation, as a backdrop to distinct processes of acquisition of literacy in different European regions, and, indeed, as a tool for navigating the rugged landscape of verbal forms, exploring the complexity of oral-literary interrelationships that they manifest. The articles probe the concept with a variety of theoretical and methodological approaches, span diverse texts and genres, and involve a range of European cultural contexts, with special emphasis on Scandinavia and Northern Europe, but also reaching out to various other corners of the continent: from France, the Netherlands and England in the West, over Germany, Bohemia and Poland in the central region, to Serbia and Bosnia in the Southeast.

The use of the past for contemporary purposes has been a feature of historical and archaeological investigation from ancient times. This ‘politicization of the past’ is often associated with, at best, an inadvertent detachment from an objective use of evidence, and at worst, its wilful misuse. Such use of the past is perhaps most evident in the construction of narratives of nations and ethnic groups — particularly in relation to origins or the perceived ‘golden ages’ of peoples.

This book seeks to assess the role played by different ideologies in the shaping of the past, from early times up until the present day, in the interpretation of the history and archaeology of Northern Europe, whether in Northern Europe itself or further afield. It also considers how those who research, interpret, and present the Northern European past should respond to such uses. The chapters drawn together here explore key questions, asking how contemporary ideologies of identity have shaped the past, what measures should be taken to discourage an inaccurate understanding of the past, and if scholars should draw on the past in order to counter racism and xenophobia, or if this can itself lead to potentially dangerous misunderstandings of history.

In the Ambigua to John, the great early Byzantine monastic theologian and philosopher Maximus the Confessor (580–662) is at work in his most creative and expansive mode. Using difficult passages in Gregory Nazianzen as starting points for his thinking, Maximus draws together various strands of the theological and philosophical traditions he inherited and shapes an ever-moving, kaleidoscopic vision of the journey through the world of place, time, and materiality to final dynamic repose in eternity. Throughout the text, Maximus takes his readers along the many paths his own mind traveled to clarify this breathtaking reflection of the teachings of Scripture and the patristic tradition. In this translation of the first fully critical edition of Maximus’s text, the streams of the Confessor’s divine philosophy are revealed in their own right. This translation will be followed with the first full commentary on the Ambigua to John in English, to appear in Corpus Christianorum in Translation.

The source text of this volume will appear in Corpus Christianorum, Series Graeca, vol. 84.

Ambiguum 10 is an important sample of Maximus the Confessor’s philosophical exegesis, which has not received concentrated scholarly attention so far. This volume includes a new critical text edition by Prof. Carl Laga and a new English translation by Dr. Joshua Lollar. It also offers a unique insight into the universe of the great Christian thinker, showcasing his extensive knowledge of Aristotelian, Platonic and Neoplatonic philosophy and offering possible parallels with the Corpus Hermeticum and Ps-Dionysius the Areopagite. The present volume is the first attempt to bring together scholars from different traditions to understand the message and the reception of this seminal work.

Amís y Amiles son los protagonistas de una serie de obras que se difunden por todo el occidente europeo desde el siglo XII, dando lugar a una epístola en latín, un cantar de gesta en francés, un relato hagiográfico en latín, varios exempla, una pieza teatral... La huella del tema de la amistad fraternal se encuentra también en catalán y en castellano.

Este libro, preparado por los profesores Carlos Alvar (Université de Genève) y Hugo O. Bizzarri (Université de Fribourg), presenta en edición bilingüe los principales textos en los que aparece el motivo de “los dos hermanos” o “los dos amigos”.

Peter Abelard's Expositio in hexaemeron, or interpretation of the six-day work of creation, was commissioned by Heloise for the community of the Paraclete. The work is unusual in that it gives priority to the historical over the allegorical sense, and bears strong affinities to the writings of Thierry of Chartres and other twelfth century students of the natural sciences. As such, it is evidence both for the general state of twelfth century knowledge of cosmology, and for the quality of scholarship available in particular to a community of women religious.

The source text of this volume appeared in Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaeualis as Expositio in Hexameron (CCCM 15). References to the corresponding pages of the Corpus Christianorum edition are provided in the margins of this translation.

Wanda Zemler-Cizewski is Associate Professor of historical theology in the Department of Theology at Marquette University in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. She received her doctorate in Medieval Studies at the University of Toronto in 1983, and is the author of numerous articles on early scholastic biblical interpretation and theology.

This first supplement to my An Annotated Bibliography on Ibn Sînâ (1979-1989), published in 1991, informs the reader about all new studies on Ibn Sînâ (Avicenna) published in the period 1990-1994, and also offers corrigenda and addenda to the former bibliography. Also in the supplement, attention is paid to Western, and to non-Western publications. Moreover, it has been tried to be even more exhaustive by including publications, which have not Ibn Sînâ (Avincenna) in the title, but which nevertheless are offering important and innovative information about his life or thought.

First, an overview is given of the new editions and/or translations of Ibn Sînâ's works, which are once more identified according to the classic bibliographies of G.C. Anawati and M.Mehdavî. Hereafter, separate chapters are dedicated to studies of a biographical and a bibliographical nature. No less than ten chapters are devoted to materials dealing with Ibn Sînâ's philosophical thought (e.g., logic, psychology, metaphysics, religious thought, sources, influences both in the East and the West). Finally, materials dealing with Ibn Sînâ's scientific and medical contributions, are treated within two separate chapters. It has to be noted that almost all publications are annotated with a summary of their most original points and a short critical evaluation. An index, which includes the names of all authors, ancient, medieval and contemporary, has been added.

In sum, this work aims at providing a clear, concise and comprehensive work- instrument for all future Avicenna research. It is not only of great interest for all scholars working in Arabic-Islamic philosophy, science and medicine, but also for historians of philosophy and mediaevalists.

Is it possible for nihilism and an ontology of personhood as will to power to be incubated in the womb of Christian Mysticism? Is it possible that the modern ontology of power, which constitutes the core of the Greek-Western metaphysics, has a theological grounding? Has Nietszche reversed Plato or, more likely, Augustine and Origen, re-fashioning in a secular framework the very essence of their ontology? Do we have any alternative Patristic anthropological sources of the Greek-Western Self, beyond what has been traditionally called "Spirituality" or "Mysticism"? Patristic theology seems to ultimately provide us with a different understanding of selfhood, beyond any Ancient or modern, Platonic or not, Transcendentalism. This book strives to decipher, retrieve, and re-embody the underlying mature Patristic concept of selfhood, beyond the dichotomies of mind and body, essence and existence, transcendence and immanence, inner and outer, conscious and unconscious, person and nature, freedom and necessity: the Analogical Identityof this Self needs to be explored.

How has the digital turn truly changed the nature of our research, particularly in the field of medieval scholarship where our collections are almost never large enough to justify the term 'big data'? All kind of new avenues of research are emerging, thanks to the creativity of scholars and to their interest in what digital means can offer. This collection of articles aims to give an up-to-date overview of the use of computer-assisted methods in several fields of scholarship dealing with ancient and medieval texts and manuscripts (from codicology and palaeography to textual criticism and literary or historical studies), across the boundaries of language and period. In moving away from theoretical debates about what the field of digital humanities is or should be, we present here a clearer picture of what textual scholars can achieve when they use computers for their research needs and purposes, and what their expectations may be in terms of the technology and developments in computational methodology.

List of contributors: T. Andrews, P. Andrist, F. Cafiero, J.-B. Camps, A. Cantera, A. Castro Correa, T. Heikkilä, A. Hoenen, A. Jordanous, E. R. Luján, C. Macé, E. Orduña, I. Rabin, P. Roelli, M. Romanov, S. Rubenson, L. Spinazzè, F. Stella, C. Tupman, K. Van Dalen-Oskam, J. van Zundert.

For some 40 years, A.G. Rigg has been defining the field of later Anglo-Latin literary scholarship, a task culminating in his History of Anglo-Latin Literature 1066-1422. Anglo-Latin and its Heritage is a collection of thirteen essays by his colleagues and students, past and present, which pays tribute to him both by exploring the field he has defined, and by making forays into its antecedents and descendants. The first section, “Roots and Debts,” includes essays on the migration of classical and late antique motifs and patterns of thought into early medieval Latin, and concludes with an essay which shows how a 12th-century writer reached back into that earlier period for stylistic models. The central section of the book, “Anglo-Latin Literature 1066-1422,” concentrates on Anglo-Latin writers of the period most studied by Rigg himself, and the seven essays in this section include analyses of poetic style and borrowing; discussions of patterns of reading; and essays which read Anglo-Latin works through their specific historical and cultural contexts. Two of the essays are elegant translations of significant Anglo-Latin poetic works. The final section of the book, “Influence and Survival,” offers three essays which consider Anglo-Latin literature in the late medieval and post-medieval world, from an edition of a Latin source for a late Middle English saint’s life; through an account of the migration of Latin texts into the royal libraries of Henry VIII; to the concluding essay, which explores a “mechanical” means of producing perfect Latin hexameter. A complete bibliography of Rigg’s works closes the volume. The chronological and methodological range of the essays in this collection is offered as a fitting tribute to one of Anglo-Latin’s most learned and indefatigable scholars.

St. Anselm of Canterbury's († 1109) Orationes siue Meditationes offers a most instructive testimony of the change that occurred in the late eleventh century in Western spirituality. Thanks to the beauty of its language and the freshness of its approach, Anselm's volume truly touched the minds of contemporaries and aroused so great a passion that the book was copied, imitated, and incorporatedinto apocryphal collections. These new books illustrate by their variety, originality, and even commonplace aspects the profuse resources of a literary genre that is too often unrecognized although most deserving of interest. After exposing the political and religious background of the Anglo-Norman world, as well as treating the rhetorical tradition of private prayers, the present work offers the first critical edition, with a French translation, of the Anselmian collections of the 12th century.

Les années qui précédèrent et suivirent la condamnation du 7 mars 1277 furent parmi les plus difficiles dans l’histoire de l’Université de Paris. Parmi les témoins des événements qui ont bouleversé à cette époque la Faculté des Arts, une place privilégiée doit être accordée à un fragment d’une reportatio anonyme d’un cours sur l’Éthique à Nicomaque, contenu dans le manuscrit Paris, BnF, lat. 14698. L’auteur de ce texte - un maître de philosophie écrivant très probablement au début des années 1280 - recherche un difficile équilibre entre le devoir d’expliquer la philosophie d’Aristote et la contrainte de ne pas contredire les dogmes de la foi chrétienne. Ce volume offre une édition intégrale du texte, précédée d’une introduction où sont abordés à la fois les problèmes que pose l’édition scientifique d’une reportatio (sa structure, son rapport avec le déroulement du cours oral, les critères spécifiques requis pour l’établissement du texte d’une reportatio) et les enjeux historiques liés à ce texte (sa datation et son rapport avec la condamnation de mars 1277, l’utilisation de la Summa theologiae de Thomas d’Aquin, et l’hypothèse de l’identification de l’auteur avec le maître parisien Jacques de Douai).

Towards the end of the Middle Ages one of Europe’s most important concentrations of nobility was to be found on the Spanish Atlantic coast between Asturias and Guipúzcoa. Many of these nobles were hidalgos, proud but impoverished nobles common in sixteenth-century picaresque novels a full four hundred years before historians turned their attention to them. This book (which is linked to over a decade of research by a team of specialists into the social, economic, political, and ideological transformations that the Basque Country underwent between the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries) analyses the group in the Basque Country, with particular emphasis on the question of how and why hidalgo status became universal in the coastal areas but not in the interior. In part one the author reviews the historiography both of this group and of the lesser nobility elsewhere in Europe. The group is then characterized and placed in its historical context: the social conflicts that racked the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Finally, in a series of case studies of the hidalgos of Álava and their commoner neighbours, with whom they frequently struggled for control of village life, the author studies their reactions to the political transformations which took place at the time, as well as their relationship with the landed aristocracy, in whose client networks they inevitably became involved.

Questo volume raccoglie le relazioni discusse da oltre venti studiosi italiani e tedeschi al XVIII Convegno della Società Italiana per lo Studio del Pensiero Medievale (SISPM), dedicato al pensiero e all’influenza di Anselmo d’Aosta (1033-1109), una delle figure chiave della filosofia e della teologia medievali. I saggi presentano i principali aspetti della speculazione di Anselmo, con particolare attenzione alle posizioni teologiche da lui sostenute, alla sua metodologia per la costruzione di un pensiero sistematico e razionale, e ai suoi orientamenti in materia di pedagogia, politica, logica, nonché alla sua concezione della vita monastica. Molti studi sono inoltre dedicati alla diffusione e all’influsso del suo pensiero: tracce della sua speculazione sono facilmente riconoscibili nei maggiori pensatori del secolo xii (a partire da Abelardo e Ugo di San Vittore) e giungono fino a Duns Scoto e Nicolò Cusano.

Per la varietà degli approcci d’indagine, e la profondità e l’attenzione delle analisi filosofiche e teologiche dei singoli contributi, il volume si propone di offrire una completa panoramica sullo stato degli studi su Anselmo e la cultura monastica del suo tempo.

At a time when we reflect intensively on the issue of social cohesion, on the influence of architecture in lifestyles, and on relationships between neighbourhoods within large modern cities, this book aims to approach the study of "inhabiting modes" in Roman urban dwellings. Drawing on concepts common to historical anthropology and incorporating evidence from multiple lines of research (archaeological, iconographic, textual, and others), this volume aims to contribute to the invigoration of a social history of ancient housing through new research projects, publications, and digital tools from both individual and collaborative efforts. This field of study is currently undergoing a period of disciplinary revitalization and this volume is an opportunity to present the most recent work and to conduct a dialogue in an interdisciplinary perspective.

Au total, 29 études rédigées par des philologues de réputation internationale, précédées d'un avant-propos et d'une introduction et suivies d'un index général ainsi que d'une table des matières, 550 p. Les contributions scientifiques des divers coauteurs ressortissent aux deux domaines de spécialité du dédicataire : d'une part les littératures antiques du IIIe au VIe siècles, de l'autre le mouvement intellectuel et spirituel de la Renaissance. Mais, outre les articles afférents à ces deux axes de recherche privilégiés, les miscellanées en l'honneur de F. Heim accueillent aussi des essais transversaux sur la réception des auteurs tardifs - tant chrétiens que païens - par les humanistes européens des XVe, XVIe et XVIIe siècles.

The essays in this collection were presented at the 2020 Symposium on Apocalypticism, sponsored by the Marco Institute for Medieval and Renaissance Studies at the University of Tennessee. The authors offer new readings of medieval and Renaissance Apocalypticism in quotidian terms, not as ‘counterculture’ but as the pragmatic expression of spiritualities that informed both debate and practice, on subjects as mundane and diverse as warfare, pilgrimage, gender, cartography, environmentalism, and governance. Topics include the origins of imperial eschatology; reflections on cosmology and the fate of the earth; the fusion of history, prophecy, and genealogy; Joachite readings of the political landscape of Italy; the influence of the Great Schism on Burgundian art; eschatology and gender in pilgrimage literature; the late medieval interpretation of the Revelationes of Pseudo-Methodius; and the appropriation of apocalyptic tropes in the propaganda and policies of the German emperor Maximilian I. The essays that open and close this collection offer meditations on the enduring legacy of Apocalypticism by focusing on the events — pandemic, political unrest, and the proliferation of conspiracy theories manifest in both — that mark the historical era in which this symposium took place.

The essays in this volume re-examine two major medieval turning points in the relationship between rich and poor: the revolution in charity of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and the era of late medieval crises when the vulnerability of the poor increased dramatically and charitable generosity often declined. Drawing on a variety of sources from England, France, the Low Countries, Italy, and Iberia, the contributors to this volume add new perspectives on the agency of the poor, the influence of gendered forms of devotion, parallels in Christian and Jewish representations of the deserving and undeserving poor, and the effect of mendicant piety on the status of the involuntary poor. A broader implication of the volume as a whole is that medieval studies of poverty and wealth need to pay more attention to the role of rulers, ruling elites, and public policy in shaping the experiences of the poor.

The contributions in this volume are dedicated to cross-cultural exchanges during the Middle Ages among exponents of the Arabic, Hebrew and Latin philosophical and theological traditions. They draw particular attention to the intellectual approaches which shaped the interplays among these traditions - interplays that were characterized by the contact of various languages being used by people of different religious beliefs in their quest for knowledge: Spanish Jews writing in Arabic, Jews collaborating in the translation of Arabic texts into Latin through the vernacular, Western Muslims whose writings were read mainly by Jews and Christians in Hebrew and Latin, etc. Altogether, the eleven studies contained in this book wish to offer new insights into the rich exchanges of knowledge among communities of learning and their scholarly traditions during the Middle Ages and beyond.

Between 2002 and 2004, archaeological excavations took place on Powroźnicza Street, in the city of Gdańsk, Poland. Twelve burghers’ plots, located in the centre of this former medieval metropolis, were investigated, and yielded a rich collection of archaeological finds, among them ceramics, and items of wood, metal, and glass, from a period stretching from the fourteenth to the twentieth century. These finds are presented here for this first time in this richly illustrated bilingual volume, published in both English and Polish, which lays out a detailed catalogue of all the items, together with a discussion of the site, its settlement phases, and its most significant discoveries.

This volume, the first in a new series dedicated to the archaeological and historical landscapes of central Mediterranean Italy, aims to offer a fresh and dynamic new approach to our understanding of central-southern maritime Tuscany during the Roman period. Drawing on research that was initially presented at the first International Mediterranean Tuscan Conference (MediTo) held in Paganico (Grosseto, Italy) in June 2018, and supported by invited papers from other experts in the field, this collection of essays offers the most up-to-date research into Roman and Late Antique landscapes within Tuscany and its broader Mediterranean context, as well as the political, economic, and social networks that developed in this area during the Classical Period. Ultimately, what emerges from this in-depth study of river valleys, urban centres, and coastal settlements is an understanding of a dynamic Roman territory of cities and villages, villas and sanctuaries, minor sites, and manufacturing districts in which the local population fought to establish and maintain connections with the wider Mediterranean.

From graves to settlements, and from the battlefield to underwater sacrificial sites, weapons dating to the Roman and Migration Period have long been found in an array of contexts throughout the region that forms modern-day Poland. This volume for the first time aims to draw together research into these finds, gathered throughout the author’s career, in a synthetic approach that sees discoveries of swords and other armaments analysed against a broad, comparative background. The work begins with a focus on votive deposits from lakes, here used as a lens for addressing questions about military strategy and war ritual more generally, before moving on to explore the weapons and warriors of the Przeworsk and Wielbark Cultures, as well as shedding light on the lives of the Balts. Finally, an in-depth analysis is made of shields from the protohistoric period, exploring the genesis and variability of the forms taken by this protective weapon. Through this approach, this richly illustrated volume sheds new light not only on the typology and chronology of weaponry from the Roman and Migration Periods, but also on the symbolism and functionality that these arms held.

While archaeology is often considered to focus on the land that lies beneath our feet, significant amounts of material culture have been lost to us beneath water, whether in seas, lakes, rivers, or submerged caves. The world of underwater archaeology, however, is increasingly recognized as a field that is vital to our understanding of the past. The chapters gathered together into this volume draw on research first presented at the Fourth Warsaw Seminar on Underwater Archaeology, held at the University of Warsaw on 18–20 November 2021. From the seas of the Caribbean through to the Mediterranean and Norway, and from Antiquity through to contemporary times, the chapters presented here offer a dazzling array of different approaches to underwater archaeology and outline the potential that changing technology presents in this expanding field.

Il libro raccoglie una serie di contributi che scaturiscono dallo scavo e dallo studio della villa romana di San Marco sull’isola d’Elba, dei suoi reperti e del suo contesto storico ed ambientale. I ritrovamenti archeologici sono pertinenti un periodo molto ristretto di vita dell’insediamento, all’incirca tra il II secolo a.C e il II secolo d.C., quando la villa fu verosimilmente distrutta da un’incendio. Tale drammatico evento ha permesso la conservazione straordinaria di una serie di reperti organici (come la travatura di un solaio), attraverso i quali è stato possibile procedere ad una ricostruzione dettagliata della planimetria e degli elevati dell’edificio. Lo studio poi delle incredibili decorazioni pittoriche, insieme ad i ritrovamenti epigrafici, hanno permesso di attribuire la villa ad una delle proprietà dell’importante famiglia senatoria dei Valerii.

The Decapolis city of Jerash has long attracted attention from travellers and scholars, due both to the longevity of the site and the remarkable finds uncovered during successive phases of excavation that have taken place from 1902 onwards. Between 2011 and 2016, a Danish-German team, led by the universities of Aarhus and Münster, focused their attention on the Northwest Quarter of Jerash - the highest point within the walled city - and this is the fourth in a series of books presenting the team’s final results.

This two-part set offers a comprehensive presentation of Jerash’s rich building heritage from the Late Hellenistic period up to the city’s destruction in the mid-eighth century ad through a discussion of architectural elements, together with analysis of the mosaics, wall paintings, and building ceramics excavated from the Northwest Quarter. As well as providing a general overview of the city’s changing patterns of habitation, the contributions gathered here also include close case- studies and object biographies that shed new light on the intense use, reuse, and recycling of materials that testify to evolving urban practices and optimization of resources across the Roman, Byzantine, and Islamic periods.

This book comprises sixteen essays addressing issues of art and architecture together with archaeology within the context of sacred space, broadly defined. It encompasses a wide range of territories, methodologies, perspectives, and scholarly concerns. Our point of departure is the built environment, with all that this entails, including religious and political ceremony, painted interiors, patronage, contested spaces, structural and environmental concerns, sensory properties, the written word as it pertains to architectural projects, and imagined spaces. In all, the scholars involved in this project find fresh approaches and uncover new meanings and interpretations in the material examined within this volume, including buildings and objects from Europe to Asia, and spanning from Late Antiquity through the end of the Middle Ages.

Through careful analysis of the Romanesque cathedral of Molfetta (in Apulia, southern Italy), Williams demonstrates how the commercial boom of the medieval Mediterranean changed the way churches were funded, designed, and built. The young bishopric of Molfetta, emerging in an economy of long-distance trade, competed with much wealthier institutions in its own diocese. Funding for the cathedral was slow and unpredictable. To adapt, the builders designed toward versatility, embracing multi-functionalism, change over time, specialization, and a heterogeneous style.

Des ethnologues, des hellénistes, un assyriologue, une médiéviste, conscients du risque d'ethnocentrisme que fait peser l'utilisation de la catégorie de la «présence» dans le champ du religieux, ont cependant placé cette abstraction au centre de leurs travaux : ils ont fait de la «présence» un dénominateur commun dans un large spectre de catégories comparatives que l'on a coutume d'étudier séparément, comme la divination, le sacrifice, la possession. La simple approche concrète de ce que l'on pourrait appeler «autel» dans les cultures particulières, a démontré que cet artefact rituel pouvait se réaliser indépendamment de toute procédure spécifique d'aménagement ou de construction, mais plus directement dans la gestuelle de présentation de l'offrande, animée ou inanimée ; et l'instance pouvait elle-même se réaliser sous la forme d'un autel. Simultanément, des corrélations nouvelles, rarement repérées, ont pu émerger entre des composantes du rite, faisant apparaître ici, une articulation étroite entre parole, écriture et ligature, là la récurrence de «bouches» pour faire taire, ingérer, proférer, révéler, maudire, ailleurs encore la grammaire complexe et les gestes à suivre pour les formes variées du dépôt. Les contributions se distribuent entre trois verbes d'action : ouvrir, parce que toute instauration et toute «reprise» d'un culte requièrent l'invention et la mise en place d'un commencement; œuvrer, parce que le rite fait feu de tout bois dans les manipulations qui, par métaphore ou par métonymie, construisent des lieux de mise en présence des acteurs et des instances ; écrire, parce qu'en toute performance rituelle, y compris dans les sociétés réputées sans écriture, surgissent un temps d'inscription et un temps de déchiffrement du signe, sur un support rendu efficace tant par ses qualités propres que par cette inscription même.

Michel Cartry, ethnologue de l'Afrique Noire (École Pratique des Hautes Études), Jean-Louis Durand, helléniste et anthropologue (CNRS, Centre Louis Gernet), Renée Koch Piettre, helléniste et comparatiste (École Pratique des Hautes Études), animent ensemble à Paris un groupe de travail sur les pratiques des polythéismes, en s'inspirant des travaux de Marcel Detienne. Leurs travaux croisés ont exploré les aires sacrificielles, avant de s'orienter vers la question de la «présence» des puissances de l'au-delà.

L’île Saint-Honorat de Lérins accueille des religieux depuis le début du Ve siècle. Il s’agit d’un haut lieu du monachisme, témoin des expériences ascétiques insulaires qui se développent en Occident durant l’Antiquité tardive. Le caractère exceptionnel de Lérins tient aussi à la longue durée d’occupation du site par des religieux. Ce n’est qu’à partir de 2005 qu’ont été entreprises des recherches archéologiques d’envergure sur l’île : fouilles et archéologie du bâti, qui font de Lérins la seule île monastique pour laquelle il existe des vestiges archéologiques remontant de façon assurée aux premières expériences ascétiques occidentales. En présentant ce dossier, l’ouvrage de Yann Codou apporte un éclairage inédit sur la genèse du monachisme en Occident, où des expériences érémitiques cohabitent, au sein de l’espace insulaire, avec des formes de vie plus collectives. Les données restituent également les dynamiques du monachisme au cours du haut Moyen Âge et dans les siècles suivants, en particulier le processus de communautarisation du monachisme. L’architecture est ici un document historique à part entière, qui dialogue avec les sources écrites. Les multiples monuments qui composent le paysage insulaire offrent un terrain de choix pour comprendre des mécanismes de construction identitaire, fondés sur la création et la réinterprétation des espaces sacrés. Les enjeux de la recherche dépassent largement l’histoire de la seule communauté lérinienne pour s’inscrire dans une réflexion sur l’organisation des espaces monastiques et leurs mutations tout au long du Moyen Âge.

The scholarly contributions which form this volume aim at a better understanding of one of the key stages in the transmission of Aristotle’s philosophical message from antiquity to modernity. It’s an established fact that Aristotelianism, because of an encyclopedic vocation for exploring all of the real, is perfectly in accordance with the cognitive universalism of the Greco-Roman Empire. Indeed Aristotle had classified the whole knowledge in a series of well-ordered disciplines, beginning with logic regarded as an essential instrument for learning and based on the philosophy of first principles that is metaphysics. But his investigations had also led him to renew physics, meteorology, grammar, poetics, rhetoric, politics, ethics, and above all to create the life sciences. This research and study wide-ranging program has without fail subsequently first aroused deep interest among the Roman encyclopedists, then among the Greek commentators, anxious to restore the original prestige of Aristotelian philosophy.

The result of a colloquium organized by the Universities of Strasbourg and Naples, Aristoteles Romanus. The survival of Aristotelian science in the Greco-Roman Empire is an ordered, if not complete, approach originating from a varied investigation of the permanence of a phenomenon into modern times.

This volume contains the papers given at the S.I.E.P.M. conference held at Trinity College, Cambridge in 1994 on Aristotle in Britain during the Middle Ages. The subject was chosen so as to bring together a wide variety of different specialists and to illustrate the range of Britain's contribution to medieval philosophy. A number of the discussions throw new light on celebrated British medieval philosophers, such as Robert Grosseteste and John Duns Scotus. Others show the importance of less well-known thinkers, such as Richard Fishacre, Richard Rufus and Thomas Wylton. The subjects of the papers range widely, both chronologically - from Anselm of Canterbury in the eleventh century to the political and ethical writers of fifteenth-century Oxford and Cambridge - and in method - from philosophical analyses to manuscript studies.

This book explores the intersection between the early development of medieval universities and the arrival of Aristotle's works in the Christian West, especially De anima: one of his most famous and obscure writings, straddling the fields of biology and psychology, and devoted to the functions of living beings – including the human being.

The leading figures in this very special meeting of cultures, also involving scientific writings from the Islamic world, are the Masters of Faculties of Arts. From the first half of the 13th century, they embarked on a theoretically very demanding enterprise, namely to restore a complete understanding of De anima; and they accomplished this difficult task by establishing a close – and often polemical – relationship with their more famous colleagues: theologians such as Albert the Great and Thomas Aquinas.

By resorting to the research and teaching methods of their time, the Masters of Arts addressed crucial topics such as the soul/body relationship, sense perception, intellectual knowledge and the special status of the human intellect, mediating, as far as possible, between scientific requirements and those of the Christian faith.

Authors such as Adam of Buckfield, Peter of Spain, Siger of Brabant, John of Jandun and John Buridan, together with other, less famous ones and a small crowd of completely anonymous – yet theoretically no less interesting – scholars, gave rise to a choral narrative that disclosed new philosophical perspectives on man. It is in this intellectual context that the roots of Modern philosophical thought lie.

Das mittelalterliche Byzanz erlebte während des „langen“ zwölften Jahrhunderts (1081-1204) eine letzte Phase als mediterrane Großmacht. Nach den Krisen des ausgehenden elften Jahrhunderts führte die Etablierung der komnenischen Herrscherdynastie zu einer Periode innerer und äußerer Stabilität. Erst in den politisch und militärisch turbulenten 1180er Jahren sollte das System erneut unter massiven Druck geraten, bevor die Zäsur des IV. Kreuzzuges (1204) gar das vorläufige Ende der staatlichen Einheit brachte.

Die byzantinischen Streitkräfte spielten in dieser Zeit stets eine zentrale Rolle für Staat und Gesellschaft, nicht nur als Instrument der Gewaltausübung und Herrschaftsdurchsetzung, sondern auch als Arbeitgeber, Konsument von Gütern und Dienstleistungen, Betätigungsfeld der Machtelite, Kanal sozialen Aufstiegs und Ort der Integration ausländischer Eliten. Die kaiserlichen Feldherren und Kommandeure lassen sich nicht als reine Funktionselite betrachten, sondern sie waren eingebunden in den Mikrokosmos des Hofes, in Familien- und Patronagebeziehungen, regionale und ethnische Netzwerke. Ihre Geschichte ist nicht nur Militär- sondern stets auch Sozial-, Politik,- Wirtschafts-, und Kulturgeschichte.

Das vorliegende Werk analysiert zum ersten Mal systematisch die personelle, soziale, ethnische und regionale Zusammensetzung der kaiserlichen Feldherren und Offiziere. Die Dynamik politischer, gesellschaftlicher und militärischer Rahmenbedingungen veränderte immer wieder die Personalstrategien der aufeinanderfolgenden Regierungen wie auch die Praktiken der Auswahl und Selektion sowie den Umgang mit formellen und informellen Hierarchien. Die Strukturen und Praktiken militärischer Führung waren dabei stets in gesellschafts- und zeitspezifische Semantiken und Diskurse eingebettet, die ein spezifisch byzantinisches Bild militärischer Führungskultur erkennen lassen.

Arnobius is a man of one book. A little known author, he was a rhetor and a teacher at Sicca Veneria, a town named after Venus - it is a predestined confluence of rhetoric and religion ! - in the 3rd century AD, and his book, Against the Heathen, has never been the subject of a thoroughgoing study in French. Having converted to Christianity at the end of his life, this African rhetor proves to be, not only a brilliant and spirited writer, but also a man of culture, at home in Greek literature and in Latin. Remaining intellectually very close to the pagan ideas of his contemporaries, he adopts, in the seven books of an apology that he left unfinished at his death, a vehement and insidious tone of controversy - verging upon dishonesty - in order to turn ancestral Roman religion and Greek mythology from their purpose, with the sole aim of magnifying the glory of the Christian God.

En juillet 1665 paraît, en Hollande, le premier traité de l’Éthique d’Arnold Geulincx. Le texte complet n’en paraîtra en 1675, quelques années après la mort de son auteur. Qui aujourd’hui le sait ? De ces lieux, de ces temps, est-ce cette Éthique-là qui a fait date? Certainement non! Et c’est sans doute justice que nombre d’études consacrées à cet auteur, - Geulincx - prennent pour interrogation principale la question de son rapport à Spinoza dont l’Éthique, pense-t-on, dut commencer à être rédigée vers 1665 et achevée vers l675. Geulincx néanmoins connut des tribulations, géographiques et intellectuelles, qui l’amenèrent à formuler, de manière unique et singulière ses vues sur ce que la philosophie de l’époque pouvait affirmer en matière d’éthique. Question peu simple à cette croisée des perspectives, où l’on ne savait trop selon quelles modalités l’homme devait être mis au centre du discours philosophique - centre vide, «égout» pour reprendre une terminologie baroque assumée par Geulincx, ou épicentre d’une raison ou d’une vertu capable de sauver, dans le cadre de religions peu amènes pour les capacités propres de l’homme, la possibilité d’une liberté pensée comme soumission à la Raison.

Le présent travail entend avant tout donner à entendre à la voix d’un homme dont il est aujourd’hui attesté qu’elle fut entendue de son temps et contribua de manière significative, ne serait-ce que par les impasses dont elle a pu témoigner, à l’évolution de la pensée de l’époque. Aussi, dans cette perspective, laisserons-nous de côté la question aussi récurrente qu’implicite, en histoire des idées et de la philosophie, sur les grands et les petits. Inventeur ou créateur, continuateur ou précurseur, Geulincx présente l’intérêt d’une figure originale dans l’histoire des idées, et son Éthique condense des questions qui trouveront dans l’avenir les réponses diversement appréciées, diversement cohérentes : Spinoza, Malebranche, voire Leibniz puis Kant.

Est-il si primordial, d’emblée, de le caractériser - ce qui du reste est peu contestable - comme occasionnaliste ? Cette étiquette ne risque-t-elle pas d’épuiser à tort les potentialités d’une pensée qui trouvera bien d’autres développements ? Avant d’enrôler ce « mineur » dans les grands courants de l’histoire de la philosophie, ce travail de traduction voudrait lui donner la chance d’être lu dans des directions peut-être, sait-on jamais, insoupçonnées.

Starting from a political reality, which is, at the same time, artistic and cultural, the book Ars Hasburgica aims to review the still so common historiographical conception of the Renaissance that conceives this period from a geographically Italocentric, artistically classicist and politically centered the idea of "national" arts and schools.

But Renaissance is a more global and complex phenomenon. What this book aims to offer is an idea of the art of that period that considers the role played by the Habsburg dynasty and its various courts in this period, trying to verify whether, by applying other historiographic models, and having the art of the Casa de Austria as a focus, traditional ideas can continue to be maintained well into the twenty-first century. We refer to the so-called "Vasari paradigm", on which art history of the sixteenth century has largely been built over the last centuries. It is also intended to structure concepts about the art of the period not so much around nationalist considerations and identities of the arts, but to raise these issues throughout ideas such as that of the court as a political, artistic and cultural sphere, in the wake of the classical studies by Norbert Elias, Amedeo Quondam or Carlo Ossola.