EMISCA

Le pontificat de Léon IX (1049-1054) marque un tournant dans l’histoire de l’Eglise. Energique et déterminé, Léon IX voyage au sud comme au nord des Alpes, tient de nombreux conciles, fait sentir même aux évêques le poids de l’autorité romaine, tente de mener une politique cohérente face aux Normands et aux Byzantins, réforme la vieille chancellerie pontificale… Il lance ainsi, dans le respect de l’autorité impériale, la réforme de l’Eglise qui deviendra ensuite la réforme grégorienne.

Saisissant le prétexte du millénaire de sa naissance, un colloque réuni à Strasbourg en juin 2002 a fait le point sur les origines, la personnalité, l’action et l’entourage de ce pape, ainsi que sur les sources, narratives, diplomatiques, épistolaires, nécrologiques, archéologiques et autres, de l’histoire de son pontificat.

Each of the studies in this volume draws upon a manuscript, or a group of manuscripts, that shed light on the practice of monastic life during this period of reform. Many, but not all, of the papers focus on the monastery of Admont in central Austria. Admont was one of the most important spiritual, cultural, and intellectual centres in the high Middle Ages, and its magnificent library still houses an extensive collection of manuscripts - a rich resource both for the history of the monastery and for the broader history of medieval religious life. The book brings together the work of an international group of scholars whose work touches on various aspects of twelfth-century Admont, and the broader movement for reform and renewal in Germany and Austria.

With the publication of Charles Homer Haskin’s important work, The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century (1933), came a new way of looking at the civilization of the high Middle Ages. Scholars have since investigated many aspects of this revival: the rise of the universities, the development of canon law, the emergence (or re-emergence) of a heightened sense of human individuality, and the revival of religious fervour that has been labelled a reformation before the Reformation. Much of this scholarly work has focused on northern-central Italy, France, and England. Germany, however, has been little studied in this context, in part because the nature and trajectory of the reform there differed from that seen elsewhere in Europe. The essays in the book both explore connections between Germanic lands and the wider western European context, and consider the unique spiritual and intellectual climate of Germany’s monasteries.

The contributors to this book examine the diverse roles played by moral virtues in the political writing of the Later Middle Ages. Medieval political thought has a long tradition of scholarship, and its ethical dimension has always received sustained attention. This volume specifically concentrates on the meaning and function of virtues in a political context, a theme which has thus far been neglected. The authors deal with Latin texts (occasionally in combination with vernacular ones) from the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries that define, legitimize, or criticize secular rule by using catalogues of virtues, originating from ancient philosophy as well as Christian moral theology. The contributions discuss various aspects related to this theme, such as the relation between the virtues of rulers and general moral precepts; the tension between secular or philosophical perspectives on virtue and Christian moral thought; the use of moral virtues for political ends; the balance between praise of the prince’s virtues and criticism of his vices; and so forth. The medieval texts under discussion are of French, German, English, Italian, and Spanish origin, and vary from educational treatises and historiography to moral theology and political philosophy.

In emulation of Professor Éamonn Ó Carragáin, who has, over the last few decades, demonstrated how words and images together join in that extraordinary cultural achievement which is the Ruthwell Cross, the volume seeks to transcend the established methods of the single discipline.

The twenty-six essays draw together insights from fields as diverse as archaeology, art history, and liturgy to reflect on the literature and material culture of the Anglo-Saxons. The first section looks outwards from the insular context, to medieval Rome, more generally to western Europe, and backwards to the world-geography of the ancient world; its illustrations include colour plates to illumine the hangings, clothing and vestments extant from Anglo-Saxon England. A range of texts is considered in the central section, Latin, English, and Old Norse. The third section focuses on sculpture, buildings and the insular landscape, juxtaposing the sculptured stonework of Northern Britain with early Christian monuments and remains from Ireland; among the illustrations are striking coloured photographs of Irish ecclesiastical sites. The contributors are from Canada, the United States, Italy, Britain, and Ireland.

The sixth-century theological controversy over the ‘Three Chapters’, which centred on the nature of Christ, provoked one of the most serious and long-lived religious schisms of the early Middle Ages. The fault lines ran not only between the Byzantine imperial court and the papacy, but between Rome and the churches in the former western empire’s successor states. In Italy, the schism endured into the seventh century, and the repercussions were felt long thereafter. Though rooted in the complexities of christological debate, the tensions reveal the growing political as well as cultural divide between Byzantium, Rome, and the West. Thus the controversy is critical for our understanding of the late-antique and early-medieval Mediterranean world, and of the inheritance of empire in western Europe and North Africa. This book presents ten chapters by an international group of scholars who examine different facets of the Three Chapters Controversy and its profound impact on these regions.

Fundamental to all translation work, the concept of “displacement” allows one to take into account the multiple successive states inhering in a single text, and to interpret these variations. Translation is, in effect, a form of transfer; more specifically, it involves a movement from one context to another, be it national, social, political, historical, linguistic or religious. The texts examined here illustrate, each in their unique way, the relationship between contextual change and audience. They are also the product of subtle interactions between a variety of elements, the result of which is a “reinvention” of their respective roles and uses over time. For example, a text intending to entertain may also have educational outcomes; a book of local miracles may attract pilgrims and contribute to the economic life of a monastery; a text and its translations may at some point be appropriated for polemical purposes, while a library of translated texts founded on humanist principals may also serve political ends.

Furthermore, each successive adaptation and its accompanying annotations impacts upon the tonality of a text. While this diversity of meanings may inspire some (such as the medieval poet Marie de France), it moreover raises a number of important and difficult questions for the modern translator. How, for example, does one translate the “harmonics” underlying a series of mystical puns? The “solution” usually involves a compromise that both enhances and undermines the translated text.

This volume presents a selection of twenty-eight papers delivered at the Seventh International Conference dedicated to The Theory and Practice of Translation in the Middle Ages, which took place at the University of Paris III — Nouvelle Sorbonne in July 2004. The period covered by the texts and their translations extends from antiquity to the present day. The literary and critical breadth of these papers, as well as the rigorous interrogation of the modern translation theory, illustrates the remarkable vitality and diversity of current scholarship in this field.

Au cœur de toute activité de traduction, le concept de déplacement permet de rendre compte des multiples états successifs d’un même texte et d’en interpréter les variations. Toute traduction est en effet une translation, c’est-à-dire un changement d’environnement, que ce dernier soit national, social, politique, historique, linguistique ou ecclésial. Les textes examinés ici témoignent chacun à sa manière des transformations qu’ils ont subies lorsque, changeant de langue, de style ou d’époque, ils ont changé de destinataires. La dynamique qui les traverse se nourrit de subtils côtoiements: un désir légitime de divertir peut fort bien s’accommoder d’une intention didactique; un recueil de miracles locaux peut attirer des pèlerins, contribuant ainsi à la vie économique d’un monastère; un texte et ses traductions peuvent devenir l’objet d’utilisations polémiques; se constituer en humaniste une bibliothèque de traductions peut aussi servir un dessein politique.

Par ailleurs les transpositions successives et leurs gloses, comme en musique, entraînent des changements de tonalité. Ce ‘surplus’ de sens qu’encourage Marie de France pourra cependant se heurter à des résistances: comment par exemple préserver d’une langue à l’autre toutes les harmoniques que libère un enchaînement de jeux de mots mystiques? Ainsi l’inévitable compromis qui s’imposera au traducteur sera souvent le choix d’un enrichissement doublé d’une déperdition.

Ce volume présente une sélection des communications entendues lors du septième colloque international consacré à la théorie et la pratique de la traduction des textes au Moyen Age qui s’est tenu à l’Université de Paris III — Sorbonne Nouvelle en juillet 2004. La période couverte par ces textes et leurs traductions s’étend de l’Antiquité jusqu’à nos jours. Ce sont au total vingt-huit études qui sont ici proposées. La richesse des domaines abordés, la haute technicité des analyses, de même que la place faite aux questionnements de la traductologie moderne illustrent la remarquable vitalité des études actuelles relatives aux multiples aspects de la traduction des textes médiévaux.

The quarter-century that has passed since Paul Szarmach’s and Bernard Huppé’s groundbreaking The Old English Homily and its Backgrounds (1978) has seen staggering changes in the field of Anglo-Saxon homiletics. Primary materials have become accessible to scholars in unprecedented levels, whether digitally or through new critical editions, and these have generated in turn a flood of secondary scholarship. The articles in this volume showcase and build on these developments. The first five essays consider various contexts of and infuences on Anglo-Saxon homilies: patristic and early medieval Latin sources, continental homiliaries and preaching practices, traditions of Old Testament interpretation and adaptation, and the liturgical setting of preaching texts. Six studies then turn to the sermons themselves, examining style and rhetoric in the Vercelli homilies, the codicology of the Blickling Book, sanctorale and temporale in the works of Ælfric, and the challenges posed by Wulfstan’s self-referential corpus. Finally, the last entries take us past the Conquest to discuss the re-use of homiletic material in England and its environs from the eleventh to eighteenth century. Together these articles offer medieval scholars a new Old English Homily, one that serves both as an introduction to key figures and issues in the field and as a model of studies for the next quarter-century.

Perhaps no author of the Latin Middle Ages has been the subject of so much controversy and even vitriol than Marsilius of Padua (c. 1275-1342/43). As author of the notorious heretical tract, the Defensor Pacis, Marsilius became an infamous figure throughout the intellectual and political centres of Europe during his own lifetime. His magnum opus, a sharply pointed dissection of the damage done to earthly political life by the incursions of the papacy and a plea for conciliar ecclesiology, was repeatedly condemned during the fourteenth century and in later years. Yet the treatise continued to be disseminated and received translation into several vernacular languages. During the Reformation, Marsilius and his Defensor Pacis enjoyed another round of acclamation and denunciation, depending upon one’s confession. In July 2003, a group comprising many of the world’s most renowned scholars of medieval political thought gathered for a ‘Marsilius of Padua World Congress’. The contents of the present volume represent a compendium of innovative scholarly contributions to the understanding of Marsilius, his life and times, and his lasting impact on Western thought. Included are chapters that reflect a range of recent, ground-breaking research by both senior scholars and the future leaders in the field. After a general survey of the current state of scholarship on Marsilius, the volume divides into three thematically organized sections, covering a variety of historical, textual, methodological, theological, and theoretical questions. In all of the essays, readers will discover the wealth and complexity of Marsilius’s thought as well as the startling range of approaches and methods of interpretation taken in the study of his work. The volume’s selection of authors is international in scope and represents the first interdisciplinary scholarly collaboration in the field of Marsilian studies to occur in the twenty-first century.